Patricia M. de Groot, M.D.
Department of Thoracic Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging
About Dr. de Groot
Present Title & Affiliation
Primary Appointment
Professor, Department of Thoracic Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
Dual/Joint/Adjunct Appointment
Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Imaging, The University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
Research Interests
Pulmonary nodule evaluation
History of tobacco use and lung cancer
Clinical Interests
Thoracic Imaging in Evaluation of Oncology Patients for Staging and Response to Treatment
Education & Training
Degree-Granting Education
2003 | The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA, MD, Medicine |
1998 | Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, MA, History |
1985 | Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA, BA, History |
Postgraduate Training
2008-2009 | Clinical Fellowship, Thoracic Imaging, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY |
2004-2008 | Clinical Residency, Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY |
2003-2004 | Clinical Internship, Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX |
Board Certifications
2008 | American Board of Radiology |
Experience & Service
Academic Appointments
Associate Professor, Department of Thoracic Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 2019 - 2021
Administrative Appointments/Responsibilities
Patient Safety and Quality Officer, Department of Thoracic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 2020 - 2023
Associate Program Director of Graduate Medical Education, Department of Thoracic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 2020 - Present
Director of Radiology Residents Education, Department of Thoracic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 2019 - 2021
Director of Residents Thoracic Education, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 2013 - 2019
Institutional Committee Activities
Member, Faculty Senate, 2022 - Present
Member, Diagnostic Imaging Educational Functional Committee, 2020 - Present
Representative, Faculty Appeals Committee, Thoracic Imaging Department, 2020 - Present
Member, Education Committee, Thoracic Imaging Department, 2019 - Present
Chair, Radiography Quality Committee, Thoracic Imaging Department, 2019 - Present
Member, Diagnostic Imaging Advisory Subcommittee on X-Ray, 2019 - Present
Member, Academic Review Committee, 2019 - Present
Member, PRS Executive Council, 2016 - 2019
Member, Faculty Merit Committee, 2015 - 2016
Member, Diagnostic Imaging Council on Gender Inclusiveness, 2013 - 2023
Member, Commodity Council/Subject matter expert, RFP for Portable X-Ray Equipment, 2013 - 2014
Member, Faculty Senate, 2013 - 2016
Member, Institutional Review Board 4, 2013 - 2015
Member, Value Analysis Team for Diagnostic Imaging, 2012 - 2015
Honors & Awards
2020 | Educational Exhibit Award, Certificate of Merit, "An Imaging Primer of CAR-T Therapy for Radiologists", Radiological Society of North America 106th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting Chicago, IL (Virtual Meeting) |
2020 | Educational Exhibit Award, Certificate of Merit, "Current Concepts in Multidisciplinary Lung Cancer Care", Radiological Society of North America 106th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting Chicago, IL (Virtual Meeting) |
2015 | Education Exhibit Award, "Novel Clinical Applications of Oncology", American Roentgen Ray Society Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada |
2014 | Educational Exhibit Award, Certificate of Merit, “Surgical Concepts in Diffuse Pleural Malignancies: What the Radiologist Needs to Know”, Society of Thoracic Radiology Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX |
2014 | Educational Exhibit Award, Certificate of Merit, “Pulmonary Arteries Great and Small: Imaging Approach to the Differential Diagnosis”, Society of Thoracic Radiology Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX |
2014 | Academic Exhibit Award, Certificate of Merit, "Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Imaging Pitfalls And Limitations Complicating Accurate Clinical TNM Staging", Radiological Society of North America 99th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL |
2012 | Academic Faculty Development Program, Association of University Radiologists |
2002 | Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honor Society |
Professional Memberships
Selected Publications
Peer-Reviewed Articles
- Bykowski J, Lockhart M.E., de Groot P part of the ACR Rapid Response Committee. ACR Rapid Response Committee Clinical Decision Support Content Update. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 2023.
- Aminu M, Yadav D, Hong L, Young E, Edelkamp P, Saad M, Salehjahromi M, Chen P, Sujit SJ, Chen MM, Sabloff B, Gladish G, de Groot P, Godoy MCB, Cascone T, Vokes NI, Zhang J, Brock KK, Daver N, Woodman SE, Tawbi HA, Sheshadri A, Lee JJ, Jaffray D, D Code Team , Wu CC, Chung C, Wu J. Habitat Imaging Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis in Cancer Patients Infected with COVID-19. Cancers (Basel) 15(1), 2022. e-Pub 2022. PMID: 36612278.
- Ahuja J, de Groot PM, Shroff GS, Strange CD, Vlahos I, Rajaram R, Truong MT, Wu CC. The postoperative chest in lung cancer. Clin Radiol 77(1):6-18, 2022. e-Pub 2021. PMID: 34154835.
- de Groot PM, Arevalo O, Shah K, Strange CD, Shroff GS, Ahuja J, Truong MT, de Groot JF, Vlahos I. Imaging Primer on Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for Radiologists. RadioGraphics 42(1):176-194, 2022. PMID: 34990326.
- Byers L, Bentsion D, Gans S, Penkov K, Son C, Sibille A, Owonikoko T, Groen H, Gay C, Fujimoto J, de Groot P, Dunbar M, Kang K, He L, Sehgal V, Glasgow J, Bach B, Ellis P. Veliparib in Combination with Carboplatin and Etoposide in Patients with Treatment-Naïve Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Phase 2 Randomized Study. Clin Cancer Res 27(14):3884-3895, 2021. PMID: 33947690.
- Theelen WSME, Chen D, Verma V, Hobbs BP, Peulen HMU, Aerts JGJV, Bahce I, Niemeijer ALN, Chang JY, de Groot P, Nguyen QN, Comeaux NI, Simon GR, Skoulidis F, Lin SH, He K, Patel R, Heymach J, Baas P, Welsh JW. Pembrolizumab with or without radiotherapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: a pooled analysis of two randomised trials. Lancet Respir Med 9(5):467-475, 2021. e-Pub 2020. PMID: 33096027.
- Welsh J, Menon H, Chen D, Verma V, Tang C, Altan M, Hess K, de Groot P, Nguyen QN, Varghese R, Comeaux NI, Simon G, Skoulidis F, Chang JY, Papdimitrakopoulou V, Lin SH, Heymach JV. Pembrolizumab with or without radiation therapy for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized phase I/II trial. J Immunother Cancer 8(2), 2020. PMID: 33051340.
- Welsh JW, Tang C, de Groot PM, Naing A, Hess KR, Heymach JV, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Cushman TR, Subbiah V, Chang JY, Simon GR, Ramapriyan R, Barsoumian HB, Menon H, Cortez MA, Massarelli E, Nguyen Q, Sharma P, Allison JP, Diab A, Verma V, Raju U, Shaaban SG, Dadu R, Cabanillas ME, Wang K, Anderson C, Gomez DR, Hahn S, Komaki R, Hong DS. Phase II Trial of Ipilimumab with Stereotactic Radiation Therapy for Metastatic Disease: Outcomes, Toxicities, and Low-Dose Radiation-Related Abscopal Responses. Cancer Immunol Res 7(12):1903-1909, 2019. e-Pub 2019. PMID: 31658994.
- Menon H, Chen D, Ramapriyan R, Verma V, Barsoumian HB, Cushman TR, Younes AI, Cortez MA, Erasmus JJ, de Groot PM, Carter BW, Hong DS, Glitza IC, Ferrarotto R, Altan M, Diab A, Chun SG, Heymach JV, Tang C, Nguyen QN, Welsh JW. Influence of low-dose radiation on abscopal responses in patients receiving high-dose radiation and immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 7(1):237, 2019. e-Pub 2019. PMID: 31484556.
- Lindholm KE, de Groot PM, Moran CA. Fibrosing/sclerosing lesions of the mediastinum: A review. Adv Anat Pathol 26(4):235-240, 2019. PMID: 30608259.
- Pietanza MC, Waqar SN, Krug LM, Dowlati A, Hann CL, Chiappori A, Owonikoko TK, Woo KM, Cardnell RJ, Fujimoto J, Long L, Diao L, Wang J, Bensman Y, Hurtado B, de Groot P, Sulman EP, Wistuba II, Chen A, Fleisher M, Heymach JV, Kris MG, Rudin CM, Byers LA. Randomized, double-blind, phase II study of temozolomide in combination with either veliparib or placebo in patients with relapsed-sensitive or refractory small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 36(23):2386-2394, 2018. e-Pub 2018. PMID: 29906251.
- Odisio EG, Truong MT, Duran C, de Groot PM, Godoy MC. Role of dual-energy computed tomography in thoracic oncology. Radiol Clin North Am 56(4):535-548, 2018. PMID: 29936946.
- Shroff GS, Benveniste MF, de Groot PM, Carter BW, Wu CC, Viswanathan C, Truong MT. Imaging on lung cancer and treatment with targeted therapy. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 39(3):308-313, 2018. e-Pub 2018. PMID: 29807641.
- de Groot PM, Truong MT, Godoy MCB. Postoperative imaging and complications in resection of lung cancer. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 39(3):289-296, 2018. e-Pub 2018. PMID: 29807639.
- de Groot PM, Wu CC, Carter BW, Munden RF. The epidemiology of lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 7(3):220-233, 2018. PMID: 30050761.
- Shroff GS, de Groot PM, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Truong MT, Carter BW. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Radiol Clin North Am 56(3):485-495, 2018. PMID: 29622080.
- Hossain R, Wu CC, de Groot PM, Carter BW, Gilman MD, Abbott GF.. Missed lung cancer. Radiol Clin North Am 56(3):365-375, 2018. e-Pub 2018. PMID: 29622072.
- Godoy MCB, Odisio EGLC, Truong MT, de Groot PM, Shroff GS, Erasmus JJ. Pulmonary nodule management in lung cancer screening: a pictorial review of lung-RADS version 1.0. Radiol Clin North Am 56(3):353-363, 2018. PMID: 29622071.
- Carter BW, Lichtenberger JP 3rd, Benveniste MK, de Groot PM, Wu CC, Erasmus JJ, Truong MT. Revisions to the TNM staging of lung cancer: rationale, significance, and clinical application. RadioGraphics 38(2):374-391, 2018. PMID: 29528831.
- Shroff GS, Benveniste MF, Carter BW, de Groot PM, Wu CC, Viswanathan C, Sabloff BS, Truong MT. Imaging of metastases in the chest: mechanisms of spread and potential pitfalls. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 38(6):594-603, 2017. e-Pub 2017. PMID: 29179899.
- de Groot PM, Shroff G, Ahrar J, Sabloff B, Gladish GM, Moran C, Gupta S, Gladish GW, Chang JY, Erasmus JJ. Implications for high-precision dose radiotherapy planning or limited surgical resection after percutaneous CT-guided lung nodule biopsy using a tract sealant. Advances in Radiation Oncology 3(2):139-145, 2017. PMID: 29904738.
- Carter BW, Halpenny DF, Ginsberg MS, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, de Groot PM. Immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer treatment: current status and the role of imaging. J Thorac Imaging 32(5):300-312, 2017. PMID: 28786858.
- Shroff GS, Benveniste MF, de Groot PM, Wu CC, Viswanathan C, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Truong MT. Targeted therapy and imaging findings. J Thorac Imaging 32(5):313-322, 2017. PMID: 28832416.
- de Groot PM, Shroff GS, Carter BW, Godoy MCB, Plodkowski AJ, P Ko J, Munden RF. Lung cancer: postoperative imaging and complications. J Thorac Imaging 32(5):276-287, 2017. PMID: 28832414.
- Carter BW, Benveniste MF, Madan R, Godoy MC, de Groot PM, Truong MT, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Marom EM. IASLC/ITMIG staging system and lymph node map for thymic epithelial neoplasms. RadioGraphics 37(3):758-776, 2017. PMID: 28493800.
- Tang C, Welsh JW, de Groot PM, Massarelli E, Chang JY, Hess KR, Basu S, Curran MA, Cabanillas ME, Subbiah V, Fu S, Tsimberidou AM, Karp D, Gomez DR, Diab A, Komaki R, Heymach JV, Sharma P, Naing A, Hong DS. Ipilimumab with stereotactic ablative radiation therapy: phase I results and immunologic correlates from peripheral T-cells. Clin Cancer Res 23(6):1388-1396, 2017. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 27649551.
- Carter BW, Benveniste MF, Madan R, Godoy MC, de Groot PM, Truong MT, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Marom EM. ITMIG classification of mediastinal compartments and multidisciplinary approach to mediastinal masses. RadioGraphics 37(2):160095, 2017. e-Pub 2017. PMID: 28129068.
- Gay CM, de Groot PM, Pietanza MC, Byers LA. Durable, exceptional response to temozolomide in patient with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) metastatic to brain. Canc Treat Res Commun 10(2468-2942):17-20, 2017.
- Carter BW, Benveniste MF, Betancourt SL, de Groot PM, Lichtenberger JP, Amini B, Abbott GF. Imaging evaluation of malignant chest wall neoplasms. RadioGraphics 36(5):150208, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 27494286.
- Cho J, Ibbott GS, Kerr MD, Amos RA, Stingo FC, Marom EM, Truong MT, Palacio DM, Betancourt SL, Erasmus JJ, de Groot PM, Carter BW, Gladish GW, Sabloff BS, Benveniste MF, Godoy MC, Patil S, Sorensen J, Mawlawi OR. Characterizing proton-activated materials to develop PET-mediated proton range verification markers. Phys Med Biol 61(11):N291-310, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 27203621.
- Benveniste MF, Gomez D, Carter BW, Betancourt Cuellar SL, de Groot PM, Marom EM. Radiation effects in the mediastinum and surroundings: Imaging findings and complications. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 37(3):268-80, 2016. e-Pub 2015. PMID: 27261350.
- Rotman JA, Plodkowski AJ, Hayes SA, de Groot PM, Shepard JA, Munden RF, Ginsberg MS. Postoperative complications after thoracic surgery for lung cancer. Clin Imaging 39(5):735-49, 2015. e-Pub 2015. PMID: 26117564.
- Carter BW, de Groot PM, Godoy MC, Marom EM, Wu CC. Imaging of the mediastinum: Vascular lesions as a potential pitfall. Semin Roentgenol 50(3):241-50, 2015. e-Pub 2015. PMID: 26002246.
- de Groot PM, Carter BW, Abbott GF, Wu CC. Pitfalls in chest radiographic interpretation: Blind spots. Semin Roentgenol 50(3):197-209, 2015. e-Pub 2015. PMID: 26002240.
- Godoy MC, Truong MT, Carter BW, Viswanathan C, de Groot PM, Ko JP. Pitfalls in pulmonary nodule characterization. Semin Roentgenol 50(3):164-74, 2015. e-Pub 2015. PMID: 26002236.
- de Groot PM, Carter BW, Betancourt Cuellar SL, Erasmus JJ. Staging of lung cancer. Clin Chest Med 36(2):179-196, 2015. e-Pub 2015. PMID: 26024599.
- Carter BW, de Groot PM, Godoy MC, Munden RF. Lung cancer screening: how to do it. Semin Roentgenol 50(2):82-7, 2015. e-Pub 2014. PMID: 25770338.
- de Groot PM, Carter BW, Godoy MC, Munden RF. Lung cancer screening-why do it? tobacco, the history of screening, and future challenges. Semin Roentgenol 50(2):72-81, 2015. e-Pub 2014. PMID: 25770337.
- Mitra P, Randolph D, Parker M, de Groot PM, Mukhopadhyay N, Weiss E. Clinical and radiologic toxicity after thoracic stereotactic body radiation therapy. Jacobs J Rad Oncol, 2015. e-Pub 2015.
- Carter BW, Wu CC, Khorashadi L, Godoy MC, de Groot PM, Abbott GF, Lichtenberger JP. Multimodality imaging of cardiothoracic lymphoma. Eur J Radiol 83(8):1470-1482, 2014. e-Pub 2014. PMID: 24935137.
- Mathieu KB, Ai H, Fox PS, Godoy MC, Munden RF, de Groot PM, Pan T. Radiation dose reduction for CT lung cancer screening using ASIR and MBIR: A phantom study. J Appl Clin Med Phys 15(2):4515, 2014. e-Pub 2014. PMID: 24710436.
- Parker MS, Fahrner LJ, Deuell BP, Olsen KM, Kasirajan V, Shah KB, Medina AE, Doolin KR, de Groot PM, Goodman WC. Total artificial heart implantation: clinical indications, expected postoperative imaging findings, and recognition of complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 202(3):W191-201, 2014. PMID: 24555614.
- Alpert JB, Godoy MC, de Groot PM, Truong MT, Ko JP. Imaging the post-thoracotomy patient: anatomic changes and postoperative complications. Radiol Clin North Am 52(1):85-103, 2014. e-Pub 2013. PMID: 24267712.
- Godoy MC, Kim TJ, White CS, Bogoni L, de Groot PM, Florin C, Obuchowski N, Babb JS, Salganicoff M, Naidich DP, Anand V, Park S, Vlahos I, Ko JP. Benefit of computer-aided detection analysis for the detection of subsolid and solid lung nodules on thin- and thick-section CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 200(1):74-83, 2013. PMID: 23255744.
- de Groot PM, Munden RF. Lung cancer epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention. Radiol Clin North Am 50(5):863-876, 2012. PMID: 22974775.
- Godoy MC, Leitman BS, de Groot PM, Vlahos I, Naidich DP. Chest radiography in the ICU: Part 1, evaluation of airway, enteric, and pleural tubes. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198(3):563-71, 2012. PMID: 22357994.
- Godoy MC, Leitman BS, de Groot PM, Vlahos I, Naidich DP. Chest radiography in the ICU: Part 2, evaluation of cardiovascular lines and other devices. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198(3):572-81, 2012. PMID: 22357995.
Invited Articles
- Expert Panel on Thoracic Imaging, Cox CW, Chung JH, Ackman JB, Berry MF, Carter BW, de Groot P, Hobbs SB, Johnson GB, Maldonado F, McComb BL, Tong BC, Walker CM, Kanne JP. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Occupational Lung Diseases. J Am Coll Radiol 17(5S):S188-S197, 2020. PMID: 32370962.
- Expert Panel on Thoracic Imaging: Lee C, Colletti PM, Chung JH, Ackman JB, Berry MF, Carter BW, de Groot PM, Hobbs SB, Johnson GB, Maldonado F, McComb BL, Tong BC, Walker CM, Kanne JP. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Respiratory Illness in Immunocompromised Patients. J Am Coll Radiol 16(11S):S331-S339, 2019. PMID: 31685101.
- Expert Panel on Thoracic Imaging: de Groot PM, Chung JH, Ackman JB, Berry MF, Carter BW, Colletti PM, Hobbs SB, McComb BL, Movsas B, Tong BC, Walker CM, Yom SS, Kanne JP. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Noninvasive Clinical Staging of Primary Lung Cancer. J Am Coll Radiol 16(5S):S184-S195, 2019. PMID: 31054745.
- Expert Panel on Thoracic Imaging: McComb BL, Ravenel JG, Steiner RM, Chung JH, Ackman JB, Carter B, Colletti PM, Crabtree TD, de Groot PM, Iannettoni MD, Jokerst C, Maldonado F, Kanne JP. ACR appropriateness criteria® chronic dyspnea-noncardiovascular origin. J Am Coll Radiol 15(11S):S291-S301, 2018. PMID: 30392598.
- Expert Panel on Thoracic Imaging: Jokerst C, Chung JH, Ackman JB, Carter B, Colletti PM, Crabtree TD, de Groot PM, Iannettoni MD, Maldonado F, McComb BL, Steiner RM, Kanne JP. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Respiratory Illness in Immunocompetent Patients. J Am Coll Radiol 15(11S):S240-S251, 2018. PMID: 30392593.
- Expert Panel on Thoracic Imaging: Ravenel JG, Chung JH, Ackman JB, de Groot PM, Johnson GB, Jokerst C, Maldonado F, McComb BL, Steiner RM, Mohammed TL. ACR appropriateness criteria® imaging of possible tuberculosis. J Am Coll Radiol 14(5S):S160-S165, 2017. PMID: 28473072.
Book Chapters
- de Groot PM, Wu CC, Carter BW, Lee KS. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. In: Muller's Imaging of the Chest: Expert Radiology Series. 2nd. Elsevier, 2018.
- Shroff GS, Kalhor N, Mehran RJ, de Groot PM, Carter BW. Staging of Small Cell Lung Cancer. In: Diagnostic Imaging for Thoracic Surgery - A Manual for Surgeons and Radiologists. Springer, 175-188, 2018.
- de Groot PM, Carter BW, Munden RF. Conventional Imaging of Lung Cancer. In: Thoracic Oncology: The IASLC Multidisciplinary Approach. 2nd. IASLC Press, 199-218, 2018.
- de Groot PM, Shroff GS, Wu C, Rice David RR, Carter BW. Staging of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. In: Diagnostic Imaging for Thoracic Surgery: A Manual for Surgeons and Radiologists. Springer, 2018.
- Carter BW, de Groot PM, Seely JM. Plural Neoplasms. In: Muller's Imaging of the Chest: Expert Radiology Series. 2nd. Elsevier, 1008-29, 2018.
- de Groot PM, Munden, RF. Radiology and lung cancer screening. In: Lung Cancer. 4th. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: Hoboken, New Jersey, 2014.
- de Groot P, Carter BW, Munden RF. Conventional Imaging of Lung Cancer . In: Thoracic Oncology: The IASLC Multidisciplinary Approach. 1st. IASLC Press: Aurora, Colorado, 293-314, 2014.
- de Groot PM, Marom EM. Diagnostic imaging of lung and pleural tumors. In: Diagnostic Pathology of Pleuropulmonary Neoplasia. Springer: New York, 1-38, 2013.
- de Groot PM, Wu CC. Radiologic Errors in Thoracic Imaging. In: Avoiding Radiology Errors: Blind Spots, Misses and Misinterpretations in Radiology. Springer: New York.
- de Groot PM, Shroff GS, Wu CC, Rice DC, Carter BW. Staging of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. In: Diagnostic Imaging in Thoracic Surgery. Springer: New York.
Books (edited and written)
- 8888. The Thorax: Medical, Radiological and Pathological Assessment. Ed(s) Moran CA, Truong M, de Groot P, Jimenez CA, Shannon VR. Springer Nature: Cham Switzerland, Pages 103-219, 297-409, 451-476, 581-597, 693-710, 827-851, 871-905, 2023.
Patient Reviews
CV information above last modified August 14, 2024