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      Song Gao Image

      Song Gao, Ph.D.

      Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology

      Present Title & Affiliation

      Primary Appointment

      Professor, Radiation Physics - Patient Care, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas

      Education & Training

      Degree-Granting Education

      2004Concordia University, Montreal, CA, Computer Science, M.Sc
      1995Fudan University, Shanghai, CN, Physics, Ph.D
      1990Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, CN, Physics, M.Sc
      1983Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, CN, Physics, B.Sc

      Postgraduate Training

      2016-2016Clinical Training, Radiation Physics & Radiation Biology, The Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
      2012-2012Clinical Training, Radiation Treatment Machine, Varian Medical Systems, Inc, Las Vegas, Nevada
      2008-2008Clinical Training, Therapy Physics Review, The American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), Houston, Texas
      2006-2006Clinical Training, Dosimetry, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
      2005-2005Clinical Training, Radiotherapy Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
      2004-2007Postdoctoral Fellow, Medical Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
      2000-2000Research Scientist, McGill University, Montreal
      1997-1999Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt
      1996-1997Postdoctoral Fellowship, McGill University, Montreal
      1995-1996Postdoctoral Fellowship, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

      Licenses & Certifications

      2010Medical Physicist License awarded by the Texas Medical Board
      2010American Board of Radiology: Therapeutic Radiological Physics

      Experience & Service

      Faculty Academic Appointments

      Associate Professor, Radiation Physics - Patient Care, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 2017 - 2024

      Assistant Professor, Radiation Physics - Patient Care, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 2011 - 2017

      Instructor, Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 2007 - 2011

      Lecturer, Department of Physics, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 1990 - 1992

      Teacher, Department of Physics, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 1983 - 1987

      Other Professional Positions

      M.Sc. Candidate & Research Assistant, Concordia University, Department of Computer Science, Montreal, 2001 - 2004

      Research Scientist, McGill University, Department of Physics, Montreal, 2000

      Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 1997 - 1999

      Postdoctoral Researcher, McGill University, Department of Physics, Montreal, 1996 - 1997

      Postdoctoral Researcher, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 1995 - 1996

      Ph.D. Candidate & Research Assistant, Fudan University, Department of Physics, Shanghai, 1992 - 1995

      M.Sc. Candidate & Research Assistant, Huazhong Normal University, Institute of Particle Physics, Wuhan, 1987 - 1990

      Editorial Activities

      Section Editor, Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 2014 - Present

      Editor, International Journal of Medical Physics, Clinical Engineering and Radiation Oncology, 2012 - 2016

      Associate Editor, Medical Physics, 2012 - 2013

      Honors & Awards

      2013Clinical Physics Service Leadership Award, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Physics
      1997Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt Germany
      1994GuanHua Scholarship, Fudan University, China

      Professional Memberships

      American Board of Radiology (ABR)

      2018

      American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM)

      2017 - 2025

      American Association of Physicist in Medicine (AAPM)

      2016 - 2018

      American Association of Physicist in Medicine (AAPM)

      2014 - Present

      American Association of Physicist in Medicine (AAPM)

      2014 - Present

      American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM)

      2014 - 2016

      American Society of Radiation Oncology (ASTRO)

      2013 - Present

      American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM)

      2004 - Present

      Selected Presentations & Talks

      Local Presentations

      1. 2025. Recommendations of the Standardized Monthly QA Workgroup Implementation of in SunCheck. Invited. Medical Physics Seminar. Houston, Texas, US.

      Formal Peers

      1. 2021. Efficient and Effective Monthly and Annual Linac QA with 2D Ion Chamber Array. Invited, US.
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      Grant & Contract Support

      Date: 2016 - 2016
      Title:Investigate the use of WaterProof PROFILER to measure beam profiles
      Funding Source:Sun Nuclear Corporation
      Role:Co-I
      Date: 2016 - 2016
      Title:Qualification of a 2D ionization chamber array for beam steering and profile measurement
      Funding Source:Sun Nuclear Corporation
      Role:PI
      Date: 2011 - 2012
      Title:Investigate the use of IC PROFILER to measure LINAC primary energy change in photon beams through flatness variation
      Funding Source:Sun Nuclear Corporation
      Role:Co-I

      Selected Publications

      Peer-Reviewed Articles

      1. Su, S, Gao, S, Liang, X, Mehrens, H, Casey, K, Yu, ZH, Kim, Y, Hassanzadeh, CJ, Tang, C, Tran, P, Schofield, D, Balter, PA, Han, EY. Simulated online adaptive radiotherapy on C-arm linacs. Journal of applied clinical medical physics 27(5), 2026. e-Pub 2026. PMID: 42120320.
      2. Gao, S, Cibrian, A, Ohrt, JD, Balter, PA. Detection of the Linac Jaw face angle misalignment using high energy electron beam symmetry. Journal of applied clinical medical physics 26(12), 2025. e-Pub 2025. PMID: 41373064.
      3. Stathakis, S, Ritter, T, Feygelman, V, Poppe, B, Myers, PA, Antes, K, Gao, S, Riegel, AC, Narayanasamy, G, Shi, J, Muthukumaran, M, Napolitano, ME, Giuliacci, A. AAPM TG report 312. Medical physics 52(8), 2025. e-Pub 2025.
      4. Gao S, Nelson C, Wang C, Kathriarachchi V, Choi M, Saxena R, Kendall R, Balter P. Quantification of the role of lead foil in flattening filter free beam reference dosimetry. J Appl Clin Med Phys 24(4):e13960, 2023. e-Pub 2023. PMID: 36913192.
      5. Gao S, Muruganandham M, Du W, Ohrt J, Kudchadker RJ, Balter PA. Adding customized electron energy beams to TrueBeam linear accelerators. J Appl Clin Med Phys 23(7):e13633, 2022. e-Pub 2022. PMID: 35533212.
      6. Ayan AS, Kim G, Whitaker M, Al-Hallaq H, Hsu SH, Woollard J, Roberts DA, Shtraus N, Gao S, Gupta N, Moran JM. A framework for automated and streamlined kV cone beam computed tomography image quality assurance: a multi-institutional study. Biomed Phys Eng Express 7(6), 2021. e-Pub 2021. PMID: 34544065.
      7. Chang, JY, Mehran, RJ, Feng, L, Verma, V, Liao, Z, Welsh, J, Lin, SH, O'Reilly, M, Jeter, M, Balter, PA, McRae, SE, Berry, D, Heymach, JV, Roth, JA, Antonoff, MB, Hofstetter, WL, Rajaram, R, Rice, DC, Sepesi, B, Swisher, SG, Vaporciyan, AA, Walsh, GL, DeGraaf, C, Correa, AM, Chen, A, Gandhi, S, Komaki, R, Lee, PP, Nguyen, Q, Ning, M, Gao, S, Pollard-Larkin, JM, Nitsch, PL, Sadagopan, R, Wang, X. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for operable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (revised STARS) 22(10):1448-1457, 2021. e-Pub 2021. PMID: 34529930.
      8. Gao S, Chetvertkov MA, Cai B, Dwivedi A, Mihailidis D, Ray X, Netherton T, Court LE, Simon WE, Balter PA. Beam energy metrics for the acceptance and quality assurance of Halcyon linear accelerator. J Appl Clin Med Phys 22(7):121-127, 2021. e-Pub 2021. PMID: 34042271.
      9. Gao S, Chetvertkov MA, Simon WE, Sadeghi A, Balter PA. Monitoring linear accelerators electron beam energy constancy with a 2D ionization chamber array and double-wedge phantom. J Appl Clin Med Phys 21(1):18-25, 2020. e-Pub 2020. PMID: 31633877.
      10. Wu RY, Liu AY, Yang J, Williamson TD, Wisdom PG, Bronk L, Gao S, Grosshan DR, Fuller DC, Gunn GB, Ronald Zhu X, Frank SJ. Evaluation of the accuracy of deformable image registration on MRI with a physical phantom. J Appl Clin Med Phys 21(1):166-173, 2020. e-Pub 2020. PMID: 31808307.
      11. Gao S, Netherton T, Chetvertkov MA, Li Y, Court LE, Simon WE, Shi J, Balter PA. Acceptance and verification of the Halcyon-Eclipse linear accelerator-treatment planning system without 3D water scanning system. J Appl Clin Med Phys 20(10):111-117, 2019. e-Pub 2019. PMID: 31553525.
      12. Wu RY, Liu AY, Williamson TD, Yang J, Wisdom PG, Zhu XR, Frank SJ, Fuller CD, Gunn GB, Gao S. Quantifying the accuracy of deformable image registration for cone-beam computed tomography with a physical phantom. J Appl Clin Med Phys 20(10):92-100, 2019. e-Pub 2019. PMID: 31541526.
      13. Netherton T, Li Y, Nitsch P, Shaitelman S, Balter P, Gao S, Klopp A, Muruganandham M, Court L. Interplay effect on a 6-MV flattening-filter-free linear accelerator with high dose rate and fast multi-leaf collimator motion treating breast and lung phantoms. Med Phys 45(6):2369-2376, 2018. e-Pub 2018. PMID: 29611210.
      14. Court L, Wang H, Aten D, Brown D, MacGregor H, du Toit M, Chi M, Gao S, Yock A, Aristophanous M, Balter P. Illustrated instructions for mechanical quality assurance of a medical linear accelerator. J Appl Clin Med Phys 19(3):355-359, 2018. e-Pub 2018. PMID: 29500846.
      15. Gao S, Balter PA, Tran B, Rose M, Simon WE. Quantification of beam steering with an ionization chamber array. J Appl Clin Med Phys 19(3):168-176, 2018. e-Pub 2018. PMID: 29577578.
      16. Li Y, Netherton T, Nitsch PL, Balter PA, Gao S, Klopp AH, Court LE. Normal tissue doses from MV image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) using orthogonal MV and MV-CBCT. J Appl Clin Med Phys 19(3):52-57, 2018. e-Pub 2018. PMID: 29500856.
      17. Gao S, Sun Y, Zhang X, Hu L, Liu Y, Chua CY, Phillips LM, Ren H, Fleming JB, Wang H, Chiao PJ, Hao J, Zhang W. IGFBP2 Activates the NF-κB Pathway to Drive Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Invasive Character in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 76(22):6543-6554, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 27659045.
      18. Gao S, Balter PA, Rose M, Simon WE. A comparison of methods for monitoring photon beam energy constancy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 17(6):6454, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 27929497.
      19. Gao S, Balter PA, Rose M, Simon WE. A comparison of methods for monitoring photon beam energy constancy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 17(6):242-253, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 28297295.
      20. Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhang L, Court LE, Gao S, Balter PA, Dong L. Digital reconstruction of high-quality daily 4D cone-beam CT images using prior knowledge of anatomy and respiratory motion. Comput Med Imaging Graph 40:30-38, 2015. e-Pub 2015. PMID: 25467806.
      21. Gao S, Du W, Balter P, Munro P, Jeung A. Evaluation of IsoCal geometric calibration system for Varian linacs equipped with on-board imager and electronic portal imaging device imaging systems. J Appl Clin Med Phys 15(3):4688, 2014. e-Pub 2014. PMID: 24892342.
      22. Gao S, Du W, Balter P, Munro P, Jeung A. Evaluation of IsoCal geometric calibration system for Varian linacs equipped with on-board imager and electronic portal imaging devices imaging systems. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics 15:164-181, 2014. e-Pub 2014.
      23. Gao S, Balter PA, Rose M, Simon WE. Measurement of changes in linear accelerator photon energy through flatness variation using an ion chamber array. Medical Physics 40(4):042101, 2013. e-Pub 2013. PMID: 23556911.
      24. Peng Y, Vedam S, Gao S, Balter P. A new respiratory monitoring and processing system based on Wii remote: Proof of principle. Medical Physics 40:071712-1-6, 2013. e-Pub 2013.
      25. Du W, Gao S, Wang X, Kudchadker RJ. Quantifying the gantry sag on linear accelerators and introducing an MLC-based compensation strategy. Medical Physics 39(4):2156-2162, 2012. e-Pub 2012. PMID: 22482636.
      26. Gao S, Zhang Y, Yang J, Wang H, Zhang L, Court L, Dong L. A hybrid algorithm to address ambiguities in deformable image registration for radiation therapy. IJMPCERO 1:50-59, 2012. e-Pub 2012.
      27. Du W, Gao S. Measuring the wobble of radiation field centers during gantry rotation and collimator movement on a linear accelerator. Medical Physics 38(8):4575-8, 2011. e-Pub 2011. PMID: 21928629.
      28. Peng Y, Vedam S, Chang JY, Gao S, Sadagopan R, Bues M, Balter P. Implementation of feedback-guided voluntary breath-hold gating for cone beam CT-based stereotactic body radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 80(3):909-17, 2011. e-Pub 2011. PMID: 21470784.
      29. Welsh J, Thomas J, Shah D, Allen P K, Wei X, Mitchell K, Gao S, Bater P, Komaki R, Chang J Y. Obesity Increases the Risk of Chest Wall Pain from Thoracic Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 81:91-96, 2011. e-Pub 2011.
      30. Gao S, Zhang L, Wang H, de Crevoisier R, Kuban DD, Mohan R, Dong L. A deformable image registration method to handle distended rectums in prostate cancer radiotherapy. Medical Physics 33(9):3304-3312, 2006. e-Pub 2006. PMID: 17022225.
      31. Gao S, Bui T. Image Segmentation and Selective Smoothing by using Mumford-Shah Model. IEE Transactions on Image Processing 14:1537-1549, 2005. e-Pub 2005.
      32. Gao S, Gale C, Ernst C, Stoecker H, Greiner W. Rho meson Broadening and dileptons in heavy ion collisions. Nucl Phys A661:518-521, 1999. e-Pub 1999.
      33. Gao S, Pal S, Stoecker H, Greiner W. Meson mass modification in strange hadronic matter. Phys Lett B465:282-290, 1999. e-Pub 1999.
      34. Gao S, Gale C. Off-shell effects in dilepton production from hot interacting mesons. Phys Rev C57:254-260, 1998. e-Pub 1998.
      35. Gao S, Su R, Li X. QCD sum rules and J/psi suppression in hot hadronic matter and quark--gluon plasma. Commun Theor Phys 28:476, 1997. e-Pub 1997.
      36. Gao S, Zhang Y, He Y, Su R, Li X. Phase structure of strange matter in a nontopological soliton model. Chinese Phys 14:89-92, 1997. e-Pub 1997.
      37. Gao S, Liu B, Chao W. Thermal mass of the gluon and the dissociation of J/ and in QGP environment. High Energy Phys and Nucl Phys 21:322, 1997. e-Pub 1997.
      38. Gao S, Zhang Y, Su R. The effects of vacuum fluctuations on rho meson masses in hot and dense matter. Commun Theor Phys 28:195-200, 1997. e-Pub 1997.
      39. Gao S, Su R, Li X. The density effects on the thermal production rate of dilepton in QGP. Commun Theor 28:207-216, 1997. e-Pub 1997.
      40. Gao S, Zhang Y, Su R. Vacuum fluctuation effects on rho meson mass and the one rho exchange potential at finite temperature and density. Phys Rev C56:3336-3345, 1997. e-Pub 1997.
      41. Gao S, Guo X, Li X Shen P. Dissipative potential induced by QCD at finite temperature and density. Phys Rev 828-833, 1997. e-Pub 1997.
      42. Gao S, Liu B, Chao WQ. Color screening and dissociation of charmonium at finite temperature and density. Phys Lett B378:23-28, 1996. e-Pub 1996.
      43. Gao S, Zhang Y, Su R. Bonn potential model at finite temperature. Phys Rev C53:1098-1101, 1996. e-Pub 1996.
      44. Gao S, Su R, Zhang Y. The screening masses of mesons in hot medium for the Walecka model. Jour of Fudan Univ 35:25-30, 1996. e-Pub 1996.
      45. Gao S, Ma F, Su R. Nucleon effective mass at finite density and a possible explanation of the EMC effect. High Energy Phys and Nucl Phys 651-657, 1996. e-Pub 1996.
      46. Gao S, Zhang Y, Su R. Effective masses of mesons and nucleon in hot medium for the Walecka model. Chinese Phys Lett 13:89-92, 1996. e-Pub 1996.
      47. Gao S, Zhang Y, Su R. Temperature and density effects on nucleon–nucleon interaction for chiral sigma-omega model. Nucl Phys A593:362-376, 1995. e-Pub 1995.
      48. Gao S, Zhang Y, Su R. Masses of hadrons and nucleon-nucleon interaction at finite temperature and density in a quantum hadrodynamics model. Phys Rev C52:380-391, 1995. e-Pub 1995.
      49. Gao S, Zhang Y, Su R. The effective mass and screening mass of rho meson for vector dominance model and vector coupling model at finite temperature and density. Jour of Phys G21:1665-1674, 1995. e-Pub 1995.
      50. Gao S, Su R, Zhang Y. Nuclear force for QHD-II model. Jour of Fudan 33:481-486, 1994. e-Pub 1994.
      51. Gao S, Li J. The statistical effect of the internal lines within the reaction process in QGP. High Energy Phys and Nucl Phys 18:229-234, 1994. e-Pub 1994.
      52. Gao S, Su R, Yang S, Peter K, Yu N. Nucleon-nucleon interaction of a chiral sigma-omega model at finite temperature. Jour of Phys G20:1757-1770, 1994. e-Pub 1994.
      53. Gao S, Su R, Peter K, Yu N. Effective mass of omega meson and N-N-omega interaction at finite temperature and density. Phys Rev C49:40-45, 1994. e-Pub 1994.
      54. Gao S. The behavior of gamma function and Green's function in finite temperature QCD. Jour of Huazhong Normal Univ 26:289-293 (in Chinese), 1992. e-Pub 1992.
      55. Gao S, Wang E, Li J. Bag constant and deconfinement phase transition in a non-topological soliton model. Phys Rev D46:3211-3214, 1992. e-Pub 1992.
      56. Gao S, Wang E, Li J. Soliton bag model and deconfinement phase transition. High Energy Phys and Nucl Phys 16:723-730 (in Chinese), 1992. e-Pub 1992.
      57. Gao S, Li J. Coupling constant in high temperature QCD and deconfinement phase transition. High Energy Phys and Nucl Phys 15:117-122, 1991. e-Pub 1991.
      58. Gao S, Li J. Renormalization group equations and deconfinement in finite temperature QCD. Mod Phys Lett A6:2475-2482, 1991. e-Pub 1991.

      Review Articles

      1. Gao S, Delclos ME, Tomas LC, Crane CH, Beddar S. High dose rate remote afterloaders for intraoperative radiation therapy. AORN J 86(5):827-36, 2007. e-Pub 2007. PMID: 18050890.

      Professional Educational Materials

      1. Gao S, Balter P. IsoCal Calibration Procedures for Varian 2100 Linacs. Procedure Instructions, MD Anderson, 2013.
      2. Gao S, Vassiliev O, Balter P. Procedure for OBI-CBCT System Radiation Performance Checks Using Radcal ACCU-PRO (Trademark) Radiation Measurement Systems. Procedure Instructions, MD Anderson, 2013.

      Abstracts

      1. Court L, Brown D, Wang H, Maddox B, Aten D, MacGregor H, Chi P, Yock A, Gao S, Aristophanous M, Balter P. Training Monthly QA of Medical Accelerators: Illustrated Instructions for Self-Learning, AAPM 2016. Medical Physics 43(6):3357, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 28048252.
      2. Juneja B, Gao S, Balter P, Nitsch P. Evaluation of the Role of Varian Machine Performance Check (MPC) in our Daily QA Routine, AAPM 2016 Washington, DC. Medical Physics 43(6):3573, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 28046488.
      3. Zhao A, Diener T, Gao S, Greskovich J, Wilkinson D. Dosimetric Characterization of a New HDR Multi-Channel Esophageal Applicator for Brachytherapy, AAPM 2016 Washington, DC. Medical Physics 43(6):3664, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 28048295.
      4. Pollard J, Prajapati S, Gao S, Nitsch P, Sadagopan R, Wang X, Balter P. Is the Reproducibility with Respect to Bone of Tumor Position at Simulation for Breath Hold CT Scans Correlated to the Reproducibility for Multiple Breath Hold CBCTs at Treatment in SBRT Thoracic Patients?, AAPM 2016 Washington, DC. Medical Physics 43(6):3673, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 28046884.
      5. Gao S, Balter P, Rose M, Simon W. Qualification of a 2D Ionization Chamber Array for Beam Steering and Profile Measurement, AAPM 2015 Anaheim, California. Medical Physics 42:3484, 2015. e-Pub 2015.
      6. Lewis D, Wang X, Gao S, Nitsch P, Pollard J, Sadagopan R, Balter P. A dosimetric comparison of two treatment setups for thoracic stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) patients, AAPM 2015 Anaheim, California. Medical Physics 42:3336, 2015. e-Pub 2015.
      7. Gao S, Balter P, Wang X, Sadagopan R, Pollard J. Detection of the Photon Target Damage in Varian Linac Based on Periodical Quality Assurance Measurements, AAPM 2015 Anaheim, California. Medical Physics 42:3389, 2015. e-Pub 2015.
      8. Harvey M, Pollard J, Wen Z, Gao S. Measurement of the Neutron Ambient Dose Equivalent From the TrueBeam Linac Head and Varian 2100 Clinac, AAPM 2014 Austin, Texas. Medical Physics 41:318, 2014. e-Pub 2014.
      9. Gao S, Balter P, Rose M, Simon W. Measurement of Various Metrics to Determine Changes in Megavoltage Photon Beam Energy, AAPM 2014 Austin, Texas. Medical Physics 41:307, 2014. e-Pub 2014.
      10. Harvey M, Pollard J, Wen Z, Gao S. Measurement of Secondary Neutrons Produced in the (gamma,n) Reaction from the TrueBeam Linac Head, AAPM 2013 Indianapolis, Indiana. Medical Physics 40:265, 2013. e-Pub 2013.
      11. Gao S, Rose M, Simon W, Balter P. Flatness as a measure of changes in photon energy for megavoltage X-ray radiotherapy. Medical Physics 39:3769, 2012. e-Pub 2012.
      12. Du W, Gao S, Wang X, Kudchadker R. Evaluating gantry sag on linear accelerators and introducing an MLC-based compensation strategy, AAPM 2012 Charlotte, North Carolina. Medical Physics 39:3722, 2012. e-Pub 2012.
      13. Gao S, Du W, Balter P. Evaluation of IsoCal imaging isocenter calibration system for Varian OBI machines, AAPM 2012 Charlotte, North Carolina. Medical Physics 39:3604, 2012. e-Pub 2012.
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