Kai Cao, MS, MD, D(ABHI)
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
About Dr. Cao
Part I: After long waiting for chance to college during a period of college-less years while working on farms as a teen, I finally stepped into a medical school following my parent’s insistence, but I loved it except for some scary feelings in anatomy class or in surgical rooms. Part II: Can you imagine what I must have felt when I first landed in a foreign country as a shy, timid, directionless, not-so-independent lady all alone having to leave husband and son behind, being corralled through to the seventh platform in a train station with two big luggage, a few small bags and then finally getting to the exit only to see all these strangers faces? Surprisingly, I survived beyond my expectations! Part III: Following that, coming to the United States was a much easier experience than I expected, although there wasn’t much drama, there were a few fears. But all that was years ago. Part IV: I’m very lucky to have a handsome, loving husband and a wonderful son. I love reading novels, like music & exercises, love movies and dancing, with the Argentine tango being my favorite. I dreamed of playing the piano, but never had the chance or luxury to learn. I love my work! I have been fortunate to have the opportunities to work for a few famous institutions. My family and I moved to warmer temperatures bounding from the east (Maryland) to the west (California) and now, to the south (Texas) where I call home.
Present Title & Affiliation
Primary Appointment
Section Chief, Laboratory Director, HLA Typing Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
Research Interests
HLA polymorphism identification and differentiation methodologies, HLA gene frequencies in different ethnic groups, HLA haplotype frequencies, population distribution.
HLA and diseases association studies
Identification of new HLA genes (alleles), compile and report rare HLA alleles.
Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR): polymorphism, typing methodologies, KIR haplotypes, KIR HLA ligand mismatching and their impact on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell and umbilical cord blood transplantation.
Clinical Interests
HLA matching and graft outcome in hematopoietic stem cell and umbilical cord blood unit transplantation.
NK cell benefit from selected donors to patients through graft-versus-leukemia effect in hematopoietic stem cell or umbilical cord blood unit transplantation.
Impact of anti-HLA antibodies in patients who need related or unrelated allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Anti-HLA antibody monitoring in these patients for guiding patients’ preemptive immune therapeutic treatment, optimal donor selection and monitoring post transplant.
Education & Training
Degree-Granting Education
| 1990 | China Medical University, Shenyang, CHN, MS, Dermatology |
| 1982 | China Medical University, Shenyang, CHN, MD, Medicine |
Postgraduate Training
| 1992-1993 | Clinical Fellowship, Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Cancer Research, Genoa |
| 1992-1993 | Clinical Fellowship, Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, Department of Immunology, S. Martini Hospital & University, Genoa |
| 1991-1992 | Certificate, Italian, Foreign Language Training Center, Beijing Language Institute, Beijing |
Board Certifications
| 2010 | The American Board of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics D(ABHI) |
Experience & Service
Other Appointments/Responsibilities
Member, DTRC Committee, American Board of Histocompatibility & Immunogenetics, Houston, TX, 2013 - 2017
Associate Director, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 2011 - 2012
Assistant Director, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 2007 - 2011
Member, Bone Marrow Transplant Committee, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 2007 - 2012
Member, Transplant Immunotherapy Kidney Patient (TIP) Committee, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 2007 - 2012
Member, Kidney Patient Selection Committee, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 2007 - 2012
Member, Heart and Lung Transplant Committee, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 2007 - 2012
Member, Donor Selection Committee, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 2007 - 2012
Research Instructor, C.W. Bill Young/Department of Defense Marrow, Donor Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Georgetown University, Rockville, MD, 2001 - 2007
DNA Officer, American Red Cross, National Histocompatibility Laboratory, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, MA, 2000 - 2001
Scientist I, American Red Cross, National Histocompatibility Laboratory, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, MD, 1997 - 2000
Research Associate, American Red Cross, National Histocompatibility Laboratory, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, MD, 1996 - 1997
Research Assistant, National Histocompatibility Laboratory of the American Red Cross, Rockville, MD, 1994 - 1996
Research Fellow I, National Histocompatibility Laboratory of the American Red Cross, Rockville, MD, 1993 - 1994
Visiting Scientist, Immunogenetics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Genoa, 1992 - 1993
Attending Doctor/Lecturer, Department of Dermatology and Immunology, No. 1 Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 1990 - 1992
Physician, Department of Dermatology, No. 3 Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 1983 - 1987
Institutional Committee Activities
Member, Clinical Faculty Review Committee (CFRC), 2015 - 2018
Member, Graduate Medical Education, 2012 - Present
Member, GME Curriculum Subcommittee, 2012 - 2015
Judge, Endowed Fellowship Awards, 2012 - Present
Member, Stem Cell Transplant Graft Failure Review Committee, 2012 - Present
Honors & Awards
| 1999 | Innovative Thinking Award, National Headquarters of the American Red Cross |
| 1998 | First Level Award for Employee Excellence in Professional/Technical Service, American Red Cross |
| 1995 | Incentive Award, National Headquarters of the American Red Cross |
Professional Memberships
Selected Publications
Peer-Reviewed Articles
- Reinsmoen NL, Lai CH, Mirocha J, Cao K, Ong G, Naim M, Wang Q, Haas M, Rafiei M, Czer L, Patel J, Kobashigawa J. Increased Negative Impact of Donor HLA-Specific Together with Non-HLA-Specific Antibodies on Graft Outcome. Transplantation 97(5):595-601, 2014. PMID: 24162250.
- Fernández-Viňa MA, Hollenbach JA, Lyke KE, Sztein MB, Maiers M, Klitz W, Cano P, Mack S, Single R, Brautbar C, Israel S, Raimondi E, Khoriaty E, Inati A, Andreani M, Testi M, Moraes ME, Thomson G, Stastny P, Cao K. Tracking human migrations by the analysis of the distribution of HLA alleles, lineages and haplotypes in closed and open populations (review). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 367(1590):820-829, 2012. PMID: 22312049.
- Jordan SC, Reinsmoen N, Lai CH, Cao K, Kahwaji J, Peng A, Villicana R, Vo A. Desensitizing the broadly human leukocyte antigen-sensitized patient awaiting deceased donor kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 44(1):60-61, 2012. PMID: 22310579.
- Yanagida R, Czer LS, Reinsmoen NL, Cao K, Rafiei M, De Robertis MA, Mirocha J, Kass RM, Kobashigawa JA, Trento A. Impact of virtual cross match on waiting times for heart transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 92(6):2104-2111, 2011. PMID: 22115224.
- Lai CH, Cao K, Ong G, Naim M, Wang Q, Mirocha J, Vo A, Jordan SC, Reinsmoen NL. Antibody testing strategies for deceased donor kidney transplantation after immunomodulatory therapy. Transplantation 92(1):48-53, 2011. PMID: 21562450.
- Kahwaji J, Sinha A, Toyoda M, Ge S, Reinsmoen N, Cao K, Lai CH, Villicana R, Peng A, Jordan S, Vo A. Infectious complications in kidney-transplant recipients desensitized with rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin. Clin J Am Soc Neph 6(12):2894-2900, 2011. PMID: 22157713.
- Reinsmoen NL, Lai CH, Heidecke H, Cao K, Ong G, Naim M, Wang Q, Mirocha J, Vo AA, Jordan SC, Dragun D. Anti-angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) antibody associated with C4d+ antibody mediated rejection (AMR) in patients with no donor HLA specific antibody (DHSA). Transplantation 90(12):1473-1477, 2010. PMID: 21030904.
- Vo AA, Peng A, Toyoda M, Kahwaji J, Cao K, Lai CH, Reinsmoen NL, Villicana R, Jordan SC. Use of intravenous immune globulin and rituximab for desensitization of highly HLA-sensitized patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Transplantation 89(9):1095-1102, 2010. PMID: 20110854.
- Street J, Johnson J, Pepperall J, Cao K, Darke C. A new HLA-DRB1 allele: DRB1*0343. Tissue Antigens 76(3):255-256, 2010. PMID: 20492593.
- Mack SJ, Tu B, Lazaro A, Yang R, Lancaster AK, Cao K, Ng J, Hurley CK. HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 allele and haplotype frequencies distinguish Eastern European Americans from the general European American population. Tissue Antigens 73(1):17-32, 2009. e-Pub 2008. PMID: 19000140.
- Leffell MS, Cao K, Coppage M, Hansen LA, Hart JM, Pereira N, Pereira S, Reinsmoen NL, Senitzer D, Smith A, Torres M, Vega1 R, Fuchs E. Incidence of humoral sensitization in HLA partially mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Tissue Antigens 74(6):494-498, 2009. PMID: 19804563.
- Reinsmoen NL, Lai CH, Vo A, Cao K, Ong G, Naim M, Wang Q, Jordan SC. Acceptable donor-specific antibody levels allowing for successful deceased and living donor kidney transplantation after desensitization therapy. Transplantation 86(6):820-825, 2008. PMID: 18813107.
- Lazaro AM, Xiao Y, Cao K, Masaberg C, Nichol L, Ng J, Hurley CK, Posch PE. Twenty-three novel alleles increase diversity at the HLA-C locus. Tissue Antigens 71(6):560-633, 2008. e-Pub 2008. PMID: 18380775.
- Lazaro AM, Xiao Y, Cao K, Masaberg C, Nichol L, Ng J, Hurley CK, Posch PE. Expanding diversity at the HLA-B locus: 28 novel HLA-B alleles. Tissue Antigens 71(5):471-4, 2008. e-Pub 2008. PMID: 18331525.
- Lazaro AM, Xiao Y, Cao K, Masaberg C, Nichol L, Ng J, Hurley CK, Posch PE. Thirty-two novel HLA-A alleles identified during intermediate resolution testing. Tissue Antigens 71(2):165-8, 2008. e-Pub 2007. PMID: 18069934.
- Tu B, Mack SJ, Lazaro A, Lancaster A, Thomson G, Cao K, Chen M, Ling G, Hartzman RJ, Ng J, Hurley CK. HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 allele and haplotype frequencies in an African American population. Tissue Antigens 69(1):73-85, 2007. PMID: 17212710.
- Hou L, Tu B, Ling G, Tang T, Cao K, Steiner NK, Lazaro A, Ng J, Hartzman RJ, Hurley CK. Strategies for evaluating B*18 allelic diversity by sequence-based typing applied to studies of a population from Singapore and African-Americans. Tissue Antigens 67(1):66-69, 2006. PMID: 16451205.
- Lazaro AM, Steiner NK, Cao K, Slack R, Chen DS, Xiao Y, Beduhn E, Ng J, Hartzman RJ, Hurley CK. Searching for HLA-DRB1*1206 in volunteer marrow donors in four US population groups. Tissue Antigens 68(5):439-441, 2006. PMID: 17092258.
- Lazaro AM, Cao K, Masaberg C, Steiner NK, Xiao Y, Tu B, Turner V, Nickerson P, Stoll S, Schall C, Valdez R, Ng J, Hartzman RJ, Hurley CK. Twenty-three novel HLA-B alleles identified during intermediate-resolution testing. Tissue Antigens 68(3):245-248, 2006. PMID: 16948646.
- Helms C, Saccone NL, Cao L, Daw JA, Cao K, Hsu TM, Taillon-Miller P, Duan S, Gordon D, Pierce B, Ott J, Rice J, Fernandez-Vina MA, Kwok PY, Menter A, Bowcock AM. Localization of PSORS1 to a haplotype block harboring HLA-C and distinct from corneodesmosin and HCR. Hum Genet 118(3-4):466-76, 2005. e-Pub 2005. PMID: 16235096.
- Cao K, Moormann AM, Lyke KE, Masaberg C, Sumba OP, Doumbo OK, Koech D, Lancaster A, Nelson M, Meyer D, Single R, Hartzman RJ, Plowe CV, Kazura J, Mann DL, Sztein MB, Thomson G, Fernández-Viña MA. Differentiation between African populations is evidenced by the diversity of Alleles and Haplotypes of HLA class I Loci. Tissue Antigens 63(4):293-325, 2004. PMID: 15009803.
Abstracts
- Cao K, Carmazzi Y, Shpall E, Guerrero E, Barnes T, Moore B, Willis D, Hosing C, Oran B, Sadeghi T, Ngo V, Artigas AT, Armitage S, Fernández-Viña M, Rezvani K. Distribution of KIR HLA ligands in transplant patients and their cord blood unit (CBU) donors. Human Immunology 75(Supl 1):89, 2014.
- Reinsmoen NL, Lai C-H, Mirocha J, Cao K, Ong GD, Naim M, Wang Q, Riega S, Rafiei M, Patel J, Kobashigawa J. Increased Negative Impact of Anti-Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Antibodies Together with de novo Donor HLA Specific Antibodies on Grant Outcome in Heart Transplant Recipients. J Heart and Lung Trasplant 32(4):S113, 2013.
- Cao K, Fernández-Viña M, Barnes T, Carmazzi Y, Patel H, Partlow D, Cano P, Champlin R, Ciurea SO. Levels of Anti-HLA Donor Specific Antibodies (DSA) and Graft Outcome in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 19(2 (Supplement 2)):S344, 2013.
- Reinsmoen JL, Lau C-H, Mirocha J, Cao K, Naim M, Ong GD, Wang Q, Guong H, Riega S, Rafiei M, Patel J, Kobashigawa J. Anti-Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Antibodies Associated With Rejection in Donor HLA Antibody Negative Recipients. Am J Transplant 13(5):456, 2013.
- Cao K, Guerrero E, Carmazzi Y, Barnes T, Cano P, Rezvani K, Shpall E, Fernández-Viña M. Diversify HLA-ligands (HLA-L) for killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes in umbilical cord blood units (UCBU) could benefit patients (PTS) in need of hematophoietic stem cells (HSC) transplants (Tx). Human Immunology 74(51):25, 2013.
- Zhao W, Guerrero E, Willis D, Barnes T, Carmazzi Y, Partlow D, Cano P, Cao K. Identification of novel HLA alleles by sequence based typing (SBT): A*01:114, A*02:397, A*11:129, A*32:46, B*44:160 and C*07:307. Human Immunology 74(51):141, 2013.
- Cano P, Patel H, Cao K. Anti HLA-Class-I antibodies an platelet transfusion refractoriness. Hman Immunology 74(51):169, 2013.
- Cao K, Lai CH, Flores SV, Rafiei M, Mirocha J, Haas M, Ong G, Naim M, Wang Q, Constanza L, Patel J, NL Reinsmoen, Kobasigawa J. Anti-Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor (AT1R) Antibodies together with Anti-HLA Donor Specific Antibodies (HLA-DSA) Identify Patients at Risk for Immune Complication in Heart Transplant. Heart and Lung Transplantation 31(4S):S163, 2012.
- Cao K, Lai CH, Flores SV, Rafiei M, Mirocha J, Hass M, Ong G, Naim M, Wang Q, Constanza L, Patel P, Reinsmoen NL, Kobashigawa J. Anti-Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor (AT1R) Antibodies Together with Anti-HLA Donor Specific Antibodies (HLA-DSA) identify Patients at Risk for Immune Complication in Heart Transplant. Supplemental to the Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 31(4S):463, 2012.
- Vo AA, Choi J, KahwajuJ, Cisneros K, Peng A, Villicana R, Reinsmoen N, Lai CH, Cao K, Jordan SC. Analysis of Factors Associated with Risk for Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Broadly Sensitized Patients Desensitized for Deceased Donor (DD) Transplantation. Am J Transpl 12(S3(12)):414, 2012. e-Pub 2012.
- Vo AA, Choi J, Kahwaji J, Cisneros K, Peng A, Villicana R, Reinsmoen M, Lai CH, Cao K, Jordan SC. Analysis of Factors Associated with Unresponsiveness to Densitization Using IVIG and Rituximab in Broadly HLA Sensitized Patients. Amer J Transp 12(Sup 3(12)):233, Abstract #691, 2012.
Book Chapters
- Reinsmoen NL, Cao K, Lai C-H. Immunologic Disorders Autoimmunity: Genetics and Immunlogic Mechanisms. In: Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics. 6th. Elsevier Ltd, Chapter 76:1763-1776, 2013.
- Lai CH, Ong G, Naim M, Cao K, Vo A, Toyoda M, Jordan SC, Reinsmoen NL. Impact of High Dose IVIG (+/-Rituximab) Desensitization Therapy on sCD30, BAFF, and HLA Specific Antibody Levels in Highly Sensitized Patients. In: Visual of the Clinical Histocompatibility Workshop. 2/26-3/1/08 Honolulu Hawaii. One Lambda, Inc: Canoga Park, CA, 20-21, 2008.
- Cao K, Lai CH, Ong G, Naim M, Wang Q, Jordan SC, Reinsmoen NL. HLA Antibody Identification Using Solid Phase Immunoassays to Monitor Changes in Donor Specific Antibodies. In: Visual of the Clinical Histocompatibility Workshop. 2/26-3/1/08 Honolulu Hawaii. One Lambda: Canoga Park, CA, 34-35, 2008.
- Cao K, Fernández-Viña MA. Populations: African American, Caucasian, Hispanic, Asian Pacific Islander and Native American from the United States. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 648-651, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdett L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña. MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with the specificity HLA-A2. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 949-952, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdett L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with the specificities A23 and A24. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 953-958, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdett L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with the antigen group A28 and its serologic splits A68 and A69. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 965-972, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdett L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viñ. MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with the specificities B35, B51, B52, B53 and B78. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 973-996, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdett L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with the B12 antigen group (B44, B45) and the B21 antigen group (B49 and B50). In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop & Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 997-1003, 2006.
- Yunis EJ, Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdett L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with the specificities HLA-B7, B42, B73, B81, B82 and B22. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 1010-1016, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdett L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viñ. MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with the B40 antigen groups B40 and its serologic splits B60 and B61. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 1038-1042, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdett L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with HLA-B41. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 1043-1045, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdett L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with HLA-B47. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 1046-1050, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdett L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with HLA-B48. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 1051-1054, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdett L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña MA. Report of the serologic Epitopes associated with specificities Bw4 and Bw6. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 1070-1072, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdett L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with Cw4, Cw6. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 1079-1082, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdett L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with Cw5, 8, 12, 14, 16. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 1083-1086, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdette L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with Cw7. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 1087-1088, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdette L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with HLA-B13. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 1091-1096, 2006.
- Gutierrez M, Stoddard J, Machan C, Burdette L, Cao K, Hartzman RJ, Fernández-Viña MA. Report of the serologic reactivity of alleles associated with B37. In: Immunology of the Human MHC, Proceedings of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. IHWG Press: Seattle, WA, 1097-1103, 2006.
- Hurley CK, Cao K, Tang T, Steiner N, Lazaro AM, Howard HC, Ng J.. Molecular Methods: HLA Alleles. In: Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology. ASM Press: Washington, D.C, 1198-1214, 2006.
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