Sang Hyun Cho, Ph.D.

Peer-Reviewed Articles

1. Kaphle, A, Pahula Hewage, S, Cho, SH. Deep learning based rapid X-ray fluorescence signal extraction and image reconstruction for preclinical benchtop X-ray fluorescence computed tomography applications. Scientific reports 15(1), 2025. e-Pub 2025. PMID: 40467695.
2. Sahin O, Mackeyev Y, Vijay GV, Roy S, Meiyazhagan A, Zahra Y, Tezcan O, Gonzalez V, Abousaida B, Wagner HR, Fernandes P, Mowzoon-Mogharrabi R, Venkatesulu BP, Hsieh CE, Kim JBK, Raghuram S, Zhang X, Miller KA, Gao G, Singh PK, Cho SH, Papineni RVL, Ajayan PM, Krishnan S. Systemic antitumor immune response of doped yttria nanoscintillators under low-dose x-ray irradiation. Sci Adv 11(13):eadr4008, 2025. e-Pub 2025. PMID: 40138411.
3. Nepal, N, Kaphle, A, Pahula Hewage, S, Cho, SH. Monte Carlo modeling of an experimental benchtop L-shell x-ray fluorescence imaging/CT system adopting two silicon drift detectors. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 1072, 2025. e-Pub 2025. PMID: 40894265.
4. Kaphle A, Jayarathna S, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Monte Carlo study of gold nanoparticle-mediated radiosensitization effects using nanoscale cell model combined with fractal-based DNA model. Med Phys, 2025. e-Pub 2025. PMID: 39928029.
5. Jayarathna S, Kaphle A, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Nanoscale gold nanoparticle (GNP)-laden tumor cell model and its use for estimation of intracellular dose from GNP-induced secondary electrons. Med Phys 51(9):6276-6291, 2024. e-Pub 2024. PMID: 38935922.
6. Kaphle A, Jayarathna S, Moktan H, Aliru M, Raghuram S, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Deep Learning-Based TEM Image Analysis for Fully Automated Detection of Gold Nanoparticles Internalized Within Tumor Cell. Microscopy and Microanalysis 29(4):1474-1487, 2023. e-Pub 2023. PMID: 37488822.
7. Moktan H, Lee CL, Cho SH. Prompt gamma ray detection and imaging for boron neutron capture therapy using CdTe detector and novel detector shield - Monte Carlo study. Med Phys 50(3):1736-1745, 2023. e-Pub 2023. PMID: 36625477.
8. Raghuram S, Mackeyev Y, Symons J, Zahra Y, Gonzalez V, Mahadevan KK, Requejo KI, Liopo A, Derry P, Zubarev E, Sahin O, Byung-Kyu Kim J, Singh PK, Cho SH, Krishnan S. Uncloaking cell-impermeant gold nanorods via tumor microenvironmental cathepsin B facilitates cancer cell penetration and potent radiosensitization. Biomaterials 291:121887, 2022. e-Pub 2022. PMID: 36368139.
9. Jayarathna S, Moktan H, Cho SH. Use of the Fully Spectroscopic Pixelated Cadmium Telluride Detector for Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography. IEEE Access 10:105074-105083, 2022. e-Pub 2022. PMID: 36274671.
10. Moktan H, Jayarathna S, Cho SH. Sensitivity enhancement of an experimental benchtop x-ray fluorescence imaging system by deploying a single crystal cadmium telluride detector system optimized for high flux x-ray operations. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A 1025:166198, 2022. e-Pub 2022. PMID: 35340930.
11. Moktan H, Panta RK, Cho SH. Bias-voltage dependent operational characteristics of a fully spectroscopic pixelated cadmium telluride detector system within an experimental benchtop x-ray fluorescence imaging setup. Biomed Phys Eng Express 8(1):1088/2057-1976, 2021. e-Pub 2021. PMID: 34874017.
12. Jayarathna S, Ahmed MF, O'Ryan L, Moktan H, Cui Y, Cho SH. Characterization of a Pixelated Cadmium Telluride Detector System Using a Polychromatic X-Ray Source and Gold Nanoparticle-Loaded Phantoms for Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging. IEEE Access 9:49912-49919, 2021. e-Pub 2021. PMID: 33996343.
13. Kim JB, Mackeyev Y, Raghuram S, Cho SH, Krishnan S. Synthesis and characterization of gadolinium-decorated [60]fullerene for tumor imaging and radiation sensitization. Int J Radiat Biol 97(8):1129-1139, 2021. e-Pub 2021. PMID: 33428854.
14. Schuemann J, Bagley AF, Berbeco R, Bromma K, Butterworth KT, Byrne HL, Chithrani BD, Cho SH, Cook JR, Favaudon V, Gholami YH, Gargioni E, Hainfeld JF, Hespeels F, Heuskin AC, Ibeh UM, Kuncic Z, Kunjachan S, Lacombe S, Lucas S, Lux F, McMahon S, Nevozhay D, Ngwa W, Payne JD, Penninckx S, Porcel E, Prise KM, Rabus H, Ridwan SM, Rudek B, Sanche L, Singh B, Smilowitz HM, Sokolov KV, Sridhar S, Stanishevskiy Y, Sung W, Tillement O, Virani N, Yantasee W, Krishnan S. Roadmap for metal nanoparticles in radiation therapy: current status, translational challenges, and future directions. Phys Med Biol 65(21):21RM02, 2020. e-Pub 2020. PMID: 32380492.
15. Moktan H, Ahmed MF, Jayarathna S, Deng L, Cho SH. Monte Carlo study of x-ray detection configurations for benchtop x-ray fluorescence computed tomography of gold nanoparticle-loaded objects. Phys Med Biol 65(17):175010, 2020. e-Pub 2020. PMID: 32869750.
16. Tseng H W, Vedantham S, Cho SH, Karellas A. Joint optimization of collimator and reconstruction parameters in x-ray fluorescence computed tomography using analytical point spread function and model observer. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2019. e-Pub 2019. PMID: 31899411.
17. Manohar N, Reynoso F, Jayarathna S, Moktan H, Ahmed MF, Diagaradjane P, Krishnan S, Cho SH. High-sensitivity imaging and qualification of intratumoral distributions of gold nanoparticles using a benchtop x-ray fluorescence imaging system. Optics Letters 44(21):5314-5317, 2019. e-Pub 2019. PMID: 31674996.
18. Deng L, Yasar S, Ahmed MF, Jayarathna S, Feng P, Wei B, Vedantham S, Karellas A, Cho SH. Investigation of transmission computed tomography (CT) image quality and x-ray dose achievable from an experimental dual-mode benchtop x-ray fluorescence CT and transmission CT system. J Xray Sci Technol 27(3):431-442, 2019. e-Pub 2019. PMID: 30909268.
19. Deng L, Ahmed MF, Jayarathna S, Feng P, Wei B, Cho SH. A detector's eye view (DEV)-based OSEM algorithm for benchtop x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) image reconstruction. Phys Med Biol 64(8):08NT02, 2019. e-Pub 2019. PMID: 30958796.
20. Jayarathna S, Manohar N, Ahmed MF, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Evaluation of dose point kernel rescaling methods for nanoscale dose estimation around gold nanoparticles using Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations. Sci Rep 9(1):3583, 2019. e-Pub 2019. PMID: 30837578.
21. Ahmed MF, Jayarathna S, Cho SH. Feasibility of x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging of human lung tumors loaded with gold nanoparticles: A Monte Carlo study. 2018 IEEE 12th International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering (NANOMED):250-254, 2019. e-Pub 2019.
22. Schuemann J, McNamara AL, Warmenhoven JW, Henthorn NT, Kirkby KJ, Merchant MJ, Ingram S, Paganetti H, Held KD, Ramos-Mendez J, Faddegon B, Perl J, Goodhead DT, Plante I, Rabus H, Nettelbeck H, Friedland W, Kundrát P, Ottolenghi A, Baiocco G, Barbieri S, Dingfelder M, Incerti S, Villagrasa C, Bueno M, Bernal MA, Guatelli S, Sakata D, Brown JMC, Francis Z, Kyriakou I, Lampe N, Ballarini F, Carante MP, Davídková M, Štepán V, Jia X, Cucinotta FA, Schulte R, Stewart RD, Carlson DJ, Galer S, Kuncic Z, Lacombe S, Milligan J, Cho SH, Sawakuchi G, Inaniwa T, Sato T, Li W, Solov'yov AV, Surdutovich E, Durante M, Prise KM, McMahon SJ. A new Standard DNA Damage (SDD) data format. Radiat Res 191(1):76-92, 2019. e-Pub 2019. PMID: 30407901.
23. Jayarathna S, Ahmed MF, Cho SH. Geant4-based model of a mouse injected with gold nanoparticles for x-ray tomography simulation studies. 2019 IEEE 13th International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering (NANOMED 2019), IEEE:71-76, 2019. e-Pub 2019.
24. Jayarathna S, Ahmed MF, Cho SH. Fabrication and testing of a gold nanoparticle-loaded tissue-mimicking phantom for validation of gold L-shell x-ray fluorescence imaging results. 2019 IEEE 13th International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering (NANOMED 2019), IEEE:22-25, 2019. e-Pub 2019.
25. Ahmed MF, Yasar S, Cho SH. Development of an attenuation correction method for direct x-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging utilizing gold L-shell XRF photons. Med Phys 45(12):5543-5544, 2018. e-Pub 2018. PMID: 30307623.
26. Ahmed MF, Yasar S, Cho SH. A Monte Carlo Model of a Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography System and Its Application to Validate a Deconvolution-based X-Ray Fluorescence Signal Extraction Method. IEEE Trans on Medical Imaging 37(11):2483-2492, 2018. e-Pub 2018. PMID: 29994762.
27. Manohar N, Reynoso FJ, Cho SH. Technical Note: A benchtop cone-beam x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) system with a high-power x-ray source and transmission CT imaging capability. Med Phys 45(10):4652-4659, 2018. e-Pub 2018. PMID: 30125950.
28. Khoo AM, Cho SH, Reynoso FJ, Aliru M, Aziz K, Bodd M, Yang X, Ahmed MF, Yasar S, Manohar N, Cho J, Tailor R, Thames HD, Krishnan S. Radiosensitization of Prostate Cancers In Vitro and In Vivo to Erbium-filtered Orthovoltage X-rays Using Actively Targeted Gold Nanoparticles. Sci Rep 7(1):18044, 2017. e-Pub 2017. PMID: 29273727.
29. Reynoso FJ, Munro III JJ, Cho SH. Technical Note: Monte Carlo calculations of the AAPM TG-43 brachytherapy dosimetry parameters for a new titanium-encapsulated Yb-169 source. J Appl Clin Med Phys 18(4):193-199, 2017. e-Pub 2017. PMID: 28585277.
30. Cho J, Wang M, Gonzalez-Lepera C, Mawlawi O, Cho SH. Development of bimetallic (Zn@Au) nanoparticles as potential PET-imageable radiosensitizers. Med Phys 43(8):4775, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 27487895.
31. Reynoso FJ, Tailor R, Wang C-K C, Cho SH. Comparison of filtered x-ray spectra and depth doses derived from a hybrid Monte Carlo model of an othovoltage x-ray unit with experimental measurements. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2(4):045011, 2016. e-Pub 2016.
32. Cho J, Gonzalez-Lepera C, Manohar N, Kerr M, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Quantitative investigation of physical factors contributing to gold nanoparticle-mediated proton dose enhancement. Phys Med Biol 61(6):2562-2581, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 26952844.
33. Cho J, Campbell P, Wang M, Alqathami M, Mawlawi O, Kerr M, Cho SH. Feasibility of hydrogel fiducial markers for in vivo proton range verification using PET. Phys Med Biol 61(5):2162-2176, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 26907591.
34. Manohar N, Reynoso FJ, Diagaradjane P, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Quantitative imaging of gold nanoparticle distribution in a tumor-bearing mouse using benchtop x-ray fluorescence computed tomography. Sci Rep 6:22079, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 26912068.
35. Schuemann J, Berbeco R, Chithrani DB, Cho SH, Kumar R, McMahon SJ, Sridhar S, Krishnan S. Roadmap to Clinical Use of Gold Nanoparticles for Radiation Sensitization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 94(1):189-205, 2016. e-Pub 2016. PMID: 26700713.
36. Reynoso FJ, Manohar N, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Design of an Yb-169 source optimized for gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy. Med Phys 41(10):101709, 2014. e-Pub 2014. PMID: 25281948.
37. Manohar N, Jones BL, Cho SH. Improving x-ray fluorescence signal for benchtop polychromatic cone-beam x-ray fluorescence computed tomography by incident x-ray spectrum optimization: a Monte Carlo study. Med Phys 41(10):101906, 2014. e-Pub 2014. PMID: 25281958.
38. Du W, Cho SH, Zhang X, Hoffman KE, Kudchadker RJ. Quantification of beam complexity in intensity-modulated radiation therapy treatment plans. Med Phys 41(2):021716, 2014. e-Pub 2014. PMID: 24506607.
39. Manohar N, Reynoso FJ, Cho SH. Experimental demonstration of direct L-shell x-ray fluorescence imaging of gold nanoparticles using a benchtop x-ray source. Med Phys 40(8):080702, 2013. e-Pub 2013. PMID: 23927295.
40. Reynoso FJ, Lee CD, Cheong SK, Cho SH. Implementation of a multisource model for gold nanoparticle-mediated plasmonic heating with near-infrared laser by the finite element method. Med Phys 40(7):073301, 2013. e-Pub 2013. PMID: 23822455.
41. Siddiqi AK, Cho SH. Agar-based heat sensitive gel with linear thermal response over 65-80 degrees C. J Therm Anal Calorim 111(3):1805-1809, 2013. e-Pub 2013.
42. Jones BL, Manohar N, Reynoso F, Karellas A, Cho SH. Experimental demonstration of benchtop x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) of gold nanoparticle-loaded objects using lead- and tin-filtered polychromatic cone-beams. Phys Med Biol 57(23):N457-N67, 2012. e-Pub 2012. PMID: 23135315.
43. Yang Y, Liu J, Yang Y, Cho SH, Hu TC. Assessment of cell infiltration in myocardial infarction: a dose-dependent study using micrometer-sized iron oxide particles. Magn Reson Med 66(5):1353-1361, 2011. e-Pub 2011. PMID: 21710611.
44. Jones BL, Cho SH. The feasibility of polychromatic cone-beam x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging of gold nanoparticle-loaded objects: a Monte Carlo study. Phys Med Biol 56(12):3719-3730, 2011. e-Pub 2011. PMID: 21628767.
45. Jones BL, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Estimation of microscopic dose enhancement factor around gold nanoparticles by Monte Carlo calculations. Med Phys 37(7):3809-3816, 2010. e-Pub 2010. PMID: 20831089.
46. Cheong SK, Jones BL, Siddiqi AK, Liu F, Manohar N, Cho SH. X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging of gold nanoparticle-loaded objects using 110 kVp x-rays. Phys Med Biol 55(3):647-662, 2010. e-Pub 2010. PMID: 20071757.
47. Krishnan S, Diagaradjane P, Cho SH. Nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapy: evolving strategies for prostate cancer therapy. Int J Hyperthermia 26(8):775-789, 2010. e-Pub 2010. PMID: 20858069.
48. Cheong SK, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Modeling of plasmonic heating from individual gold nanoshells for near-infrared laser-induced thermal therapy. Med Phys 36(10):4664-4671, 2009. e-Pub 2009. PMID: 19928098.
49. Cho SH, Jones BL, Krishnan S. The dosimetric feasibility of gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy (GNRT) via brachytherapy using low-energy gamma-/x-ray sources. Phys Med Biol 54(16):4889-4905, 2009. e-Pub 2009. PMID: 19636084.
50. Han Y, Shin EH, Lim C, Kang SK, Park SH, Lah JE, Suh TS, Yoon M, Lee SB, Cho SH, Ibbott GS, Ju SG, Ahn YC. Dosimetry in an IMRT phantom designed for a remote monitoring program. Med Phys 35(6):2519-2527, 2008. e-Pub 2008. PMID: 18649485.
51. Diagaradjane P, Shetty A, Wang JC, Elliott AM, Schwartz J, Shentu S, Park HC, Deorukhkar A, Stafford RJ, Cho SH, Tunnell JW, Hazle JD, Krishnan S. Modulation of in vivo tumor radiation response via gold nanoshell-mediated vascular-focused hyperthermia: characterizing an integrated antihypoxic and localized vascular disrupting targeting strategy. Nano Lett 8(5):1492-1500, 2008. e-Pub 2008. PMID: 18412402.
52. Zaman RT, Diagaradjane P, Wang J, Schwartz J, Rajaram N, Gill-Sharp KL, Cho SH, Rylander III HG, Payne D, Krishnan S, Tunnell JW. In vivo detection of gold nanoshells in tumors using diffuse optical spectroscopy. IEEE J of Selective Topics in Quantum Electronics 14(6):1715-1720, 2007. e-Pub 2007.
53. Cheng CW, Cho SH, Taylor M, Das IJ. Determination of zero-field size percent depth doses and tissue maximum ratios for stereotactic radiosurgery and IMRT dosimetry: comparison between experimental measurements and Monte Carlo simulation. Med Phys 34(8):3149-3157, 2007. e-Pub 2007. PMID: 17879776.
54. Cho SH, Vassiliev ON, Horton JL. Comparison between an event-by-event Monte Carlo code, NOREC, and ETRAN for electron scaled point kernels between 20 keV and 1 MeV. Radiat Environ Biophys 46(1):77-83, 2007. e-Pub 2007. PMID: 17219152.
55. Kim CH, Cho SH, Xu XG. PRDC-A software package for personnel radiation dose calculation, submitted July 2005. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 118(3):243-250, 2006. e-Pub 2006.
56. Gifford KA, Mourtada F, Cho SH, Lawyer A, Horton JL. Monte Carlo calculations of the dose distribution around a commercial gynecologic tandem applicator. Radiother Oncol 77(2):210-215, 2005. e-Pub 2005. PMID: 16216363.
57. Cho SH. Estimation of tumour dose enhancement due to gold nanoparticles during typical radiation treatments: a preliminary Monte Carlo study. Phys Med Biol 50(15):N163-73, 2005. e-Pub 2005. PMID: 16030374.
58. Cho SH, Vassiliev ON, Lee S, Liu HH, Ibbott GS, Mohan R. Reference photon dosimetry data and reference phase space data for the 6 MV photon beam from varian clinac 2100 series linear accelerators. Med Phys 32(1):137-148, 2005. e-Pub 2005. PMID: 15719964.
59. Sahoo N, Kazi AM, Cho SH, Sadagopan R, Shui AS. Effect of detector properties on beam profile measurement of small field MV x-ray beams. Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering 50(Supplement 1):741-742, 2005. e-Pub 2005.
60. Bencomo JA, Chu C, Tello VM, Cho SH, Ibbott GS. Anthropomorphic breast phantoms for quality assurance and dose verification. J Appl Clin Med Phys 5(1):36-49, 2004. e-Pub 2004. PMID: 15753932.
61. Cho SH, Reece WD, Kim C-H. Validity of two simple rescaling methods for electron/beta dose point kernels in heterogeneous source-target geometry. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 69(4):265-272, 2004. e-Pub 2004.
62. Cho SH, Ibbott GS. Reference photon dosimetry data: a preliminary study of in-air off-axis factor, percentage depth dose, and output factor of the Siemens Primus linear accelerator. J Appl Clin Med Phys 4(4):300-306, 2003. e-Pub 2003. PMID: 14604419.
63. Kim C-H, Reece WD, Cho SH. Computer simulation of radiation exposure in a S/G channel head. Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc 84:325-326, 2001. e-Pub 2001.
64. Cho SH, Lowenstein JR, Balter PA, Wells NH, Hanson WF. Comparison between TG-51 and TG-21: Calibration of photon and electron beams in water using cylindrical chambers. J Appl Clin Med Phys 1(3):108-115, 2000. e-Pub 2000. PMID: 11674825.
65. Cho SH, Muller-Runkel R, Hanson WF. Determination of the tissue attenuation factor along two major axes of a high dose rate (HDR) 192Ir source. Med Phys 26(8):1492-1497, 1999. e-Pub 1999. PMID: 10501048.
66. Cho SH, Reece WD. Monte Carlo calculations of the dose backscatter factor for monoenergetic electrons. Phys Med Biol 44(1):13-26, 1999. e-Pub 1999. PMID: 10071872.
67. Cho SH, Reece WD, Poston JW, Sr. Calculation of the dose distribution in water from 71Ge K-shell x-rays. Phys Med Biol 42(6):1023-1032, 1997. e-Pub 1997. PMID: 9194126.
68. Cho SH, Muller-Runkel R. Validity of the interval method for the determination of the anisotropy factor of high dose rate 192Ir sources. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 37(2):483-487, 1997. e-Pub 1997. PMID: 9069325.
69. Muller-Runkel R, Cho SH. Evaluation of a commercial three-dimensional electron pencil beam algorithm. Med Phys 24(1):91-101, 1997. e-Pub 1997. PMID: 9029543.
70. Cho SH, Muller-Runkel R. Effect of anisotropy corrections on the dynamic dose calculations in high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy. Phys Med Biol 39(7):1181-1188, 1994. e-Pub 1994. PMID: 15552105.
71. Muller-Runkel R, Cho SH. Anisotropy measurements of a high dose rate Ir-192 source in air and in polystyrene. Med Phys 21(7):1131-1134, 1994. e-Pub 1994. PMID: 7968845.

Invited Articles

1. Cho SH. Dosimetry of brachytherapy sources: Review of the AAPM TG-43 formalism. Proceedings of the 3rd Korea-Japan Joint Meeting on Medical Physics and the 2nd Asia Oceania Congress of Medical Physics, 2002. e-Pub 2002.
2. Sarder MR, Cho SH, Reece WD. Application of the MCNP-Monte Carlo Code to study gamma-ray buildup factors for multi-layer shielding. Proceedings of the 1998 ANS Radiation Protection and Shielding Division Topical Meeting. ANS LaGrange Park, IL:285-293, 1998. e-Pub 1998.

Other Articles

1. Vedantham S, Shrestha S, Karellas A, Cho SH A framework for optimizing micro-CT in dual-modality micro-CT/XFCT small-animal imaging system. SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications 10393, 2017.
2. Manohar N, Cho SH Quality of Micro-CT images acquired from simultaneous micro-CT and benchtop x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT): A preliminary Monte Carlo study. 2013 IEEE NSS/MIC/RTSD Conference Record, 2013.
3. Diagaradjane P, Shetty A, Wang J, Elliot A, Schwartz J, Shentu S, Park C, Deorukhkar A, Stafford J, Cho S, Tunnell J, Hazle J, Krishnan S Gold nanoshell mediated hyperthermia enhances the efficacy of radiation therapy. Proceedings of International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) 6865(ON), 2008.
4. BenComo JA, Followill DS, Cho SH, Balter P, Tailor RC, Lowenstein JR, Hernandez N, Hanson WF Comparison of on-site and off-site evaluations of dosimetry data TU-FXH-45, IEEE, 2000.
5. Cho SH, Tailor RC, Balter P, Hanson WF Determination of the dose distribution at proximate distances from a HDR 192Ir source using radiochromic film MO-E-309-6, IEEE, 2000.
6. Cho SH Voxel-based three dimensional beta dose calculations in heterogeneous media using superposition, Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas A&M University, 1997.
7. Cho SH A successive restriction scheme for applying the electron loss model to the electron dose calculations, Master’s Thesis. DePaul University, 1991.

Abstracts

1. Nepal N, Kaphle A, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Dosimetry Commissioning of a Commercial Cabinet X-Ray Irradiator for Small Animal Irradiation. Med Phys 52(10):e70059, 2025. e-Pub 2025.
2. Kaphle A, Jayarathna S, Cho SH. Impact of Nanoscale TEM-Based and Simplified 3D Modeling Approaches on Monte Carlo Studies of Radiosensitization Effects in GNP-Laden Cells. Med Phys 52(10):e70059, 2025. e-Pub 2025.
3. Nepal N, Jayarathna S, Cho SH. Monte Carlo Modeling of an Experimental X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography (XFCT) System with a Pixelated CdTe Detector. Med Phys 52(10):e70059, 2025. e-Pub 2025.
4. Nepal N, Kaphle A, Moktan Tamang HB, Cho SH. Development of Styrofoam Base for Film-Based in-Air Output Measurements with Preclinical Cs-137 Irradiator Under Vertical Irradiation Geometry. Med Phys 51(10):7948, 2024. e-Pub 2024.
5. Nepal N, Cho SH. Characterization of a New Commercial Silicon Drift Detector for an Experimental Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging System EmployingTwo Silicon Drift Detectors. Med Phys 51(9):6674, 2024. e-Pub 2024.
6. Kaphle A, Jayarathna SY, Krishnan S, Cho SH. JACK FOWLER EARLY-CAREER COMPETITION WINNER: Incorporation of Fractal-Based DNA Model into High Resolution TEM-Based Model of GoldNanoparticle-Laden Tumor Cell for Monte Carlo Study of Gold Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization. Med Phys 51(9):6843, 2024. e-Pub 2024.
7. Kaphle A, Jayarathna SY, Cho SH. Deep Learning-Enhanced Rapid X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography Image Reconstruction for Preclinical Imaging Applications. Med Phys 51(9):6834, 2024. e-Pub 2024.
8. Kaphle A, Jayarathna S, Moktan H, Cho S H. Deep Learning-Based X-Ray Fluorescence Signal Extraction with Simultaneous Compton Background Noise Removal and Attenuation Correction for Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography. Med Phys 50(6):e492, 2023. e-Pub 2023.
9. Kaphle A, Jayarathna S, Cho S H. Development of a Single Cell Model Using High-Resolution TEM Images to Investigate Gold Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization Effects in Tumor Cells. Med Phys 50(6):e290, 2023. e-Pub 2023.
10. Nepal N, Kaphle A, Jayarathna S, Cho S H. Monte Carlo Modeling of an Experimental Benchtop L-Shell X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging/CT System. Med Phys 50(6):e91, 2023. e-Pub 2023.
11. Sahin O, Mackeyev Y, Vijay G, Roy S, Gonzalez V, Zahra Y, Tezcan O, Abousaida B, Venkatesulu B, Singh PK, Cho SH, Ajayan P, Krishnan S. X-Ray Triggered Nanoscintillators Photosensitize Pancreatic Cancer and Stimulate a Robust Systemic Immune Response. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 114(3):e524, 2022. e-Pub 2022.
12. Moktan H, Jayarathna S, Cho S. Three Dimensional (3D) X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Imaging with An Experimental Benchtop XRF Imaging System Adopting a Commercial Pixelated Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Detector System. Med Phys 49(6):E563-E564, 2022. e-Pub 2022.
13. Moktan H, Jayarathna S, Cho S. Comparison of Operational Characteristics of Single Crystal and Pixelated Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)Detector Systems Under Identical Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Imaging Conditions. Med Phys 49(6):E214-E214, 2022. e-Pub 2022.
14. Moktan H, Cho S. Development of In-Air Film Dosimetry Approach for Quality Assurance of Cs-137 Blood Irradiators. Med Phys 49(6):E837-E838, 2022. e-Pub 2022.
15. Moktan H, Panta R K, Cho S H. Investigation of bias-voltage dependent operational characteristics of an energy-resolving pixelated cadmium telluride detector system within an experimental benchtop x-ray fluorescence imaging system. Med Phys 48(6):e12, 2021. e-Pub 2021.
16. Moktan H, Jayarathna S, Tailor R, Cho S H. A custom-made cassette for in-water film dose measurements and quality assurance of Cs-137 blood irradiators. Med Phys 48(6):e442, 2021. e-Pub 2021.
17. Moktan H, Jayarathna S, Cho S. Performance enhancement of an experimental benchtop x-ray fluorescence imaging system by using the latest generation single crystal cadmium telluride detector. Med Phys 47(6):e381, 2020. e-Pub 2020.
18. Jayarathna S, Tailor R, Moktan H, Cho S. A custom-made jig for in-air ionization chamber measurements and quality assurance of the Mark I-68 Cs-137 irradiator. Med Phys 47(6):e678, 2020. e-Pub 2020.
19. Jayarathna S, Moktan H, Cho S. Effect of photon incidence angle on the accuracy of dose point kernel method for calculation of gold nanoparticle-mediated intracellular dose enhancement. Med Phys 47(6):e374, 2020. e-Pub 2020.
20. Jayarathna S, Tailor R, Ahmed M, Cho S. An ionization chamber mounting jig for in-air output calibration and quality assurance of commercial Cs-137 irradiators. Med Phys 46:e663-e664, 2019. e-Pub 2019.
21. Ahmed M, Deng L, Jayarathna S, Cho S. Effect of incident x-ray spectrum on CT image quality during small animal imaging with an experimental dual mode benchtop CT/x-ray fluorescence CT (XFCT) system. Med Phys 46:e151, 2019. e-Pub 2019.
22. Jayarathna S, Ahmed MF, Cho SH. Validation of direct gold L-shell x-ray fluorescence imaging results using a tissue-mimicking phantom containing gold nanoparticles. Med Phys 46(6):e192, 2019. e-Pub 2019.
23. Ahmed M, Jayarathna S, O’Ryan L, Cho S. Preliminary results on benchtop x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging of gold nanoparticle-loaded objects using a fully spectroscopic pixelated x-ray detector. Med Phys 46:e301, 2019. e-Pub 2019.
24. Ahmed M, Deng L, Jayarathna S, Cho S. Investigation of x-ray detection configurations for x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging of gold nanoparticle-loaded small animal-sized phantoms: A Monte Carlo study. Med Phys 46:e172, 2019. e-Pub 2019.
25. Jayarathna S, Krishnan S, Cho S. Development of a TEM image-based cellular geometry model for Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations of GNP-mediated dose enhancement/ radiosensitization. Med Phys 45:e139, 2018. e-Pub 2018.
26. Deng L, Yasar S, Ahmed M, Park Y, Jayarathna S, Cho S. Investigation of CT image quality achievable from an experimental dual mode benchtop x-ray fluorescence CT (XFCT) and micro-CT system. Med Phys 45:e369, 2018. e-Pub 2018.
27. Jayarathna S, Ahmed M, Cho S. An image-based mouse model for Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations of multimodal imaging with benchtop x-ray fluorescence CT (XFCT) and micro-CT. Med Phys 45:e369, 2018. e-Pub 2018.
28. Jayarathna S, Manohar N, Ahmed M, Cho S. Application of the dose point kernel method for nanoscale dose calculations around gold nanoparticles. Med Phys 44:2987, 2017. e-Pub 2017.
29. Yasar S, Cho S. Experimental investigation of gold L-shell x-ray fluorescence imaging using 3-D printed phantoms. Med Phys 44:3290, 2017. e-Pub 2017.
30. Ahmed M, Yasar S, Jayarathna S, Cho S. Development of an effective attenuation correction method for gold L-shell x-ray fluorescence imaging. Med Phys 44:3290, 2017. e-Pub 2017.
31. Cho J, Alqathami M, Reyonoso F, Cho S. Probing the dose enhancement due to a clinically-relevant concentration of gold nanoparticles and Yb-169 gamma rays using PRESAGE dosimeters. Med Phys 43:3788, 2016. e-Pub 2016.
32. Manohar N, Reynoso F, Cho S. Making benchtop x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) practical for in vivo imaging by integration of a dedicated high-performance x-ray source in conjunction with micro-CT functionality. Med Phys 43(3863), 2016. e-Pub 2016.
33. Manohar N, Reyonoso F, Diagaradjane P, Krishnan S, Cho S. High-resolution, high-sensitivity imaging and quantification of intratumoral distributions of gold nanoparticles using a benchtop L-shell XRF imaging system. Med Phys 43:3668, 2016. e-Pub 2016.
34. Reynoso F, Munro J, Cho S. Determination of the AAPM TG-43 brachytherapy dosimetry parameters for a new titanium-encapsulated Yb-169 source by Monte Carlo calculations. Med Phys 43:3473, 2016. e-Pub 2016.
35. Cho J, Campbell P, Wang M, Alqathami M, Mawlawi O, Li H, Sahoo N, Kerr M, Zubarev E, Cho S. Hydrogel fiducial markers for in-vivo proton therapy and range verifications using PET. Med Phys 42:3677, 2015. e-Pub 2015.
36. Diagaradjane P, Deorukhkar A, Sankaranarayanapillai M, Manohar N, Singh P, Goodrich G, Tailor R, Cho S, Krishnan S. Enhancing the tumor specific radiosensitization using molecular targeted gold nanorods. Med Phys 42:3644, 2015. e-Pub 2015.
37. Cho S. Physical bases for gold nanoparticle applications in Radiation oncology and x-ray imaging. Med Phys 42:3693, 2015. e-Pub 2015.
38. Reynoso F, Cho S. Monte carlo modeling of philips RT-250 orthovoltage unit for beam spectrum modulation. Med Phys 42:3463, 2015. e-Pub 2015.
39. Reynono F, Cho S. Emulation of Yb-169 gamma-ray spectrum using metal-filtered 250 KVpx-rays for pre-clinical studies of gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy. Med Phys 42:3416, 2015. e-Pub 2015.
40. Manohar N, Reynoso F, Cho S. Drastic performance improvement of a polychromatic cone-beam x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) system using a kilowatt-range x-ray source. Med Phys 42:3716, 2015. e-Pub 2015.
41. Manohar N, Reynoso F, Cho S. Practical/ultrasensitive benchtop gold L-shell XRF imaging system with a kilowatt-range x-ray source and silicon drift detector. Med Phys 42:3716, 2015. e-Pub 2015.
42. Wolf T, Reynoso F, Cho J, Quini C, Cortez M, Manohar N, Krishnan S, Cho S. Modulation of clinical orthovoltage x-ray spectrum further enhances radiosensitization of cancer cells targeted with gold nanoparticles. Med Phys 42:3564, 2015. e-Pub 2015.
43. Cho J, Wang M, Gonzalez-Lepera C, Zobarev E, Cho S. PET-detectable bimetallic (Zn@Au) nanoparticles for radiotherapy and molecular imaging applications. Med Phys 42:3568, 2015. e-Pub 2015.
44. Du W, Cho S, Zhang X, Hoffman K, Kudchadker R. Decoding the beam complexity in intensity-modulated radiation therapy plans. Med Phys 41:305, 2014. e-Pub 2014.
45. Cho J, Manohar N, Krishnan S, Cho S. Measurements of gold nanoparticle-mediated proton dose enhancement due to particle-induced x-ray emission and activation products using radiochromic films and CdTe detector. Med Phys 41:276, 2014. e-Pub 2014.
46. Reynoso F, Cho S. WE-A-108-03: Design of a New Yb-169 Source Optimized for Gold Nanoparticle-Aided Radiation Therapy. Med Phys 40(6Part28):465-466, 2013. e-Pub 2013. PMID: 28519945.
47. Manohar N, Jones B, Cho S. TH-A-141-06: Optimization of Incident X-Ray Source Spectrum Through Filtration for a Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography (XFCT) System. Med Phys 40(6Part31):523, 2013. e-Pub 2013. PMID: 28519674.
48. Manohar N, Reynoso F, Cho S. TH-A-141-04: Localization and Quantification of Gold Nanoparticles Using L-Shell Fluorescence Imaging with a Benchtop X-Ray Source. Med Phys 40(6Part31):523, 2013. e-Pub 2013. PMID: 28519666.
49. Jones B, Manohar N, Karellas A, Cho S. Polychromatic cone-beam x-ray fluorescence computed tomography of gold nanoparticle-loaded objects. Med Phys 39:3986, 2012. e-Pub 2012.
50. Manohar N, Reynoso F, Cho S. Feasibility of direct L-shell fluorescence imaging of gold nanoparticles using a benchtop x-ray source. Med Phys 39:3987, 2012. e-Pub 2012.
51. Reyonoso F, Lee C, Cheong S, Cho S. A finite element method-based multisource model for near-infrared laser-mediated plasmonic heating with optically-tunable gold nanoparticles. Med Phys 39:4020, 2012. e-Pub 2012.
52. Manohar N, Jones B, Cho S. Quasi-monochromatization of 110 kVp x-rays for bench-top x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging of gold nanoparticle-loaded objects. Med Phys 38:3836, 2011. e-Pub 2011.
53. Jones B, Manohar N, Cho S. Experimental demonstration of cone-beam polychromatic x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging of gold nanoparticle-loaded regions within small animal-sized phantoms. Med Phys 38:3835, 2011. e-Pub 2011.
54. Cho S. Physical perspective on radiation response modulation of tumors with gold nanoparticles. Med Phys 38:3871, 2011. e-Pub 2011.
55. Dextraze K, Siddiqi A, Cho S. Investigation on fading of MAGIC gel dosimeter. Med Phys 37:3268, 2010. e-Pub 2010.
56. Cho S, Siddiqi A, Manohar N. Induction of plasmonic heating inside breast tumor phantom using gold nanorods and near-infrared laser. Med Phys 37:3172, 2010. e-Pub 2010.
57. Jones B, Cho S. Feasibility of bench-top polychromatic cone-beam x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) for in-phantom detection of gold nanoparticles. Med Phys 37:3438, 2010. e-Pub 2010.
58. Siddiqi A, Yang Y, Dextraze K, Hu T, Krishnan S, Cho S. Experimental demonstration of dose enhancement due to gold nanoparticles and kilovoltage x-rays using radio-sensitive polymer gel dosimeter. Med Phys 36:2511, 2009. e-Pub 2009.
59. Cheong S, Krishnan S, Cho S. Estimation of thermal response of optically tunable gold nanoparticles embedded in a tissue-like medium. Med Phys 36:2510, 2009. e-Pub 2009.
60. Siddiqi A, Cho S. Fabrication and testing of an agar-based heat-sensitive gel for thermal dosimetry. Med Phys 36:2511, 2009. e-Pub 2009.
61. Jones B, Krishnan S, Cho S. Monte Carlo calculations of microscopic dose enhancement factor for gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy. Med Phys 36:2819, 2009. e-Pub 2009.
62. Cho SH, Krishnan S. Dependence of dose enhancement on radial distances during gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy with low energy brachytherapy sources. Proceedings of the American Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 51st Meeting, International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 75(3):S716, 2009. e-Pub 2009.
63. Liu F, Cho S. Modeling of a commercial CdTe photodiode detector using the MCNP code. Med Phys 35:2813, 2008. e-Pub 2008.
64. Jones B, Cho S. Monte Carlo calculations of secondary electron spectra for various mixtures of gold and water mimicking tumors loaded with gold nanoparticles. Med Phys 35:2708, 2008. e-Pub 2008.
65. Cho S, Vassiliev O, Krishnan S. On the clinical implementation of gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy (GNRT). Med Phys 35:2711, 2008. e-Pub 2008.
66. Siddiqi A, Cheong S, Cho, S. Detection of gold fluorescence x-rays for the in-vivo quantification of gold concentration during gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy (GNRT). Med Phys 35:2694, 2008. e-Pub 2008.
67. Cheong S, Krishnan S, Cho S. Modeling of plasmonic heating from individual gold nanoshells for near-infrared laser-induced thermal therapy. Med Phys 35:2708, 2008. e-Pub 2008.
68. Cho SH. Comparative Monte Carlo Treatment Planning Studies with Low Energy - enhanced Megavoltage Photon Beams. Proceedings of the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 50th Meeting, International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 71(1):S529-S530, 2008. e-Pub 2008.
69. Diagaradjane P, Shetty A, Wang J, Schwartz J, Elliot AM, Shentu S, Park HC, Deorukhkar A, Stafford RJ, Cho SH, Tunnell JW, Hazle JD, Krishnan S. Modulation of in vivo tumor radiation response via vascular-focused hyperthermia: Characterizing gold nanoshells as integrated anti-hypoxic and localized vascular disrupting agents. Proceedings of the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 50th Meeting, International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 72(1):S64, 2008. e-Pub 2008.
70. Cho SH, Vassiliev ON, Krishnan S. Microscopic estimation of tumor dose enhancement during gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy (GNRT) using diagnostic energy range x-rays. Med Phys 34:2468, 2007. e-Pub 2007.
71. Han Y, Shin EH, Yoon MK, Lee SB, Ju SG, Lim CI, Park SH, Kang JE, Lah JE, Cho SH, Ibbott GS, Ahn YC. Dosimetry in an IMRT phantom designed for a remote auditing program. Med Phys 34:2444, 2007. e-Pub 2007.
72. Cho SH, Krishnan S. Dosimetric feasibility of gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy (GNRT) using a Yb-169 source. Proceedings of the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 49th Meeting, International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 69(3):S639, 2007. e-Pub 2007.
73. Cho SH. Estimation of tumor dose enhancement due to gold nanoparticles during typical radiation treatments: A preliminary Monte Carlo study. Med Phys 32:2162, 2005. e-Pub 2005.
74. Cho SH, Vassiliev O N, Horton JL, Semenenko VA. Benchmarking of an event-by-event Monte Carlo code, NOREC: Generation of scaled point kernels in water for mono-energetic electrons between 10 keV and 1 MeV. Med Phys 32:2015, 2005. e-Pub 2005.
75. BenComo J, Cho S, Sun T, Lee S, Ibbott G. Use of MOSFET detectors to verify dose calculations in an anthropomorphic breast phantom. Med Phys 31:1926, 2004. e-Pub 2004.
76. Cho S, Vassiliev O, Liu H, Ibbott G, Mohan R. On the choice of measured depth dose data for the Monte Carlo modeling of the 18 MV photon beam: Shifted vs. Unshifted. Med Phys 31:1906, 2004. e-Pub 2004.
77. Esteban J, Tailor R, Cho S, Ibbott G. Energy dependence of a new TLD system for the characterization of low energy brachytherapy sources. Med Phys 31:1884, 2004. e-Pub 2004.
78. Vassiliev O, Liu HH, Dong L, Antolak J, Cho S, Mohan R. A Monte-Carlo-based system for dose calculation and dosimetry QA of photon IMRT. Med Phys 30:1453, 2003. e-Pub 2003.
79. Esteban J, Ibbott G, Hanson W, Horton J, White A, Cho SH. Energy dependence of a TLD system for characterizing low energy brachytherapy sources. Med Phys 30:1349, 2003. e-Pub 2003.
80. Cho SH, Kim CH, Ibbott GS. Differences in the results of MCNP simulation for low energy photon sources may be due to the choice of photon cross section libraries. Med Phys 30:1464, 2003. e-Pub 2003.
81. Cho SH, Ibbott GS. Reference Dosimetry Data for the Siemens Primus Linear Accelerator: Preliminary Results for Depth Dose and Output Factor. Med Phys 29:1944, 2002. e-Pub 2002.
82. Cho SH, Kim CH. The Monte Carlo Calculations of organ doses during endovascular brachytherapy for coronary arteries using HDR 192Ir sources. J. Invasive Cardiology 12:56, 2000. e-Pub 2000.
83. Lowenstein JR, Cho SH, Balter PA, Hanson WF. Comparison between TG-51 and TG-21: The results of TG-51 beta testing. Med Phys 26:1154, 1999. e-Pub 1999.
84. Cho SH, Hanson WF. Radial dose distribution at proximate distances for a high dose rate (HDR) Ir-192 source for endovascular brachytherapy applications. Med Phys 25:A119, 1998. e-Pub 1998.
85. Lee JJ, Cho SH. Field size and depth dependence of wedge transmission for dynamic wedge of a Varian Clinac 2100 C/D linear accelerator. Med Phys 25:A182, 1998. e-Pub 1998.
86. Cho SH, Reece WD. The Monte Carlo calculations of the dose backscatter factor for monoenergetic electrons. Med Phys 24:1357, 1997. e-Pub 1997.
87. Cho SH, Reece WD. Dose calculations around metallic beta/electron sources for endovascular brachytherapy by the Monte Carlo and semi-empirical methods. Med Phys 24:1356, 1997. e-Pub 1997.
88. Cho SH, Muller-Runkel R. Determination of the dose ratio function along the longitudinal axis of a high dose rate (HDR) 192Ir source. . Med Phys 23:1485, 1996. e-Pub 1996.
89. Muller-Runkel R, Cho SH. Anisotropy measurements of a high dose rate (HDR) Ir-192 source in air and in polystyrene. Med Phys 20:911, 1993. e-Pub 1993.
90. Cho SH, Muller-Runkel R. Anisotropy factor determination for Ir-192 seeds. Med Phys 28:898, 1993. e-Pub 1993.
91. Cho SH, Muller-Runkel R. Development of an algorithm combining the source anisotropy and the dynamic dose component corrections for HDR brachytherapy dose calculations. Med Phys 20:898, 1993. e-Pub 1993.

Book Chapters

1. Jones BL, Cho SH. X-Ray fluorescence computed tomography imaging of nanoparticles. In: Cancer Nanotechnology: Principles and Applications in Radiation Oncology. Taylor & Francis Books, Inc, 2013.
2. Cho SH, Jones BL. Quantification of gold nanoparticle-mediated radiation dose enhancement. In: Cancer Nanotechnology: Principles and Applications in Radiation Oncology. First Edition. Taylor & Francis Books, Inc, 2013.
3. Reynoso F, Cho SH. Modeling of plasmonic heat generation from gold nanoparticles. In: Cancer Nanotechnology: Principles and Applications in Radiation Oncology. Taylor & Francis Books, Inc, 2013.
4. Chatterjee DK, Cho SH, Krishnan S. Clinical translations of nanotechnology: Present and future outlook. In: Cancer Nanotechnology: Principles and Applications in Radiation Oncology. Taylor & Francis Books, Inc, 2013.

Books (edited and written)

1. Cho SH, Krishnan S. Cancer Nanotechnology: Principles and Applications in Radiation Oncology. Ed(s) 1st. Taylor & Francis Books, LLC, 2013.